Analog, digital - Opposition oder Kontinuum? : zur Theorie und Geschichte einer Unterscheidung

Forschungsprojekt gefördert durch die DFGDie Opposition der 'neuen digitalen' zu den 'alten analogen' Medien findet sich in Werbung, Popkultur, Wirtschaft, Politik und Wissenschaft. Offenbar hat sich die Unterscheidung analog/digital zur paradigmatischen Leitdifferenz des späten 20. und frühen 21. Jahrhunderts entwickelt. Doch was bedeutet 'analog' bzw. 'digital' in verschiedenen Kontexten genau und gibt es nicht auch Übergänge zwischen beiden Formen? Wann taucht die Unterscheidung auf und in welchem Zusammenhang? Indem sich die Anthologie mit diesen und anderen Fragen aus verschiedenen Perspektiven beschäftigt, räumt sie ein erhebliches Forschungsdefizit nicht nur in den Medienwissenschaften aus

Associations of Polymorphisms in the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator-1 Alpha Gene With Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease: An Individual-Level Meta-Analysis

Background: The knowledge of factors influencing disease progression in patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) is still relatively limited. One potential pathway is related to peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A), a transcription factor linked to energy metabolism which may play a role in the heart function. Thus, its associations with subsequent CHD events remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effect of three different SNPs in the PPARGC1A gene on the risk of subsequent CHD in a population with established CHD. Methods: We employed an individual-level meta-analysis using 23 studies from the GENetIcs of sUbSequent Coronary Heart Disease (GENIUS-CHD) consortium, which included participants (n = 80,900) with either acute coronary syndrome, stable CHD, or a mixture of both at baseline. Three variants in the PPARGC1A gene (rs8192678, G482S; rs7672915, intron 2; and rs3755863, T528T) were tested for their associations with subsequent events during the follow-up using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age and sex. The primary outcome was subsequent CHD death or myocardial infarction (CHD death/myocardial infarction). Stratified analyses of the participant or study characteristics as well as additional analyses for secondary outcomes of specific cardiovascular disease diagnoses and all-cause death were also performed. Results: Meta-analysis revealed no significant association between any of the three variants in the PPARGC1A gene and the primary outcome of CHD death/myocardial infarction among those with established CHD at baseline: rs8192678, hazard ratio (HR): 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–1.05 and rs7672915, HR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.94–1.00; rs3755863, HR: 1.02, 95% CI 0.99–1.06. Similarly, no significant associations were observed for any of the secondary outcomes. The results from stratified analyses showed null results, except for significant inverse associations between rs7672915 (intron 2) and the primary outcome among 1) individuals aged ≥65, 2) individuals with renal impairment, and 3) antiplatelet users. Conclusion: We found no clear associations between polymorphisms in the PPARGC1A gene and subsequent CHD events in patients with established CHD at baseline

Associations of Polymorphisms in the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator-1 Alpha Gene With Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease : An Individual-Level Meta-Analysis

Background: The knowledge of factors influencing disease progression in patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) is still relatively limited. One potential pathway is related to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A), a transcription factor linked to energy metabolism which may play a role in the heart function. Thus, its associations with subsequent CHD events remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effect of three different SNPs in the PPARGC1A gene on the risk of subsequent CHD in a population with established CHD.Methods: We employed an individual-level meta-analysis using 23 studies from the GENetIcs of sUbSequent Coronary Heart Disease (GENIUS-CHD) consortium, which included participants (n = 80,900) with either acute coronary syndrome, stable CHD, or a mixture of both at baseline. Three variants in the PPARGC1A gene (rs8192678, G482S; rs7672915, intron 2; and rs3755863, T528T) were tested for their associations with subsequent events during the follow-up using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age and sex. The primary outcome was subsequent CHD death or myocardial infarction (CHD death/myocardial infarction). Stratified analyses of the participant or study characteristics as well as additional analyses for secondary outcomes of specific cardiovascular disease diagnoses and all-cause death were also performed.Results: Meta-analysis revealed no significant association between any of the three variants in the PPARGC1A gene and the primary outcome of CHD death/myocardial infarction among those with established CHD at baseline: rs8192678, hazard ratio (HR): 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98-1.05 and rs7672915, HR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.94-1.00; rs3755863, HR: 1.02, 95% CI 0.99-1.06. Similarly, no significant associations were observed for any of the secondary outcomes. The results from stratified analyses showed null results, except for significant inverse associations between rs7672915 (intron 2) and the primary outcome among 1) individuals aged >= 65, 2) individuals with renal impairment, and 3) antiplatelet users.Conclusion: We found no clear associations between polymorphisms in the PPARGC1A gene and subsequent CHD events in patients with established CHD at baseline.Peer reviewe

Subsequent Event Risk in Individuals with Established Coronary Heart Disease:Design and Rationale of the GENIUS-CHD Consortium

BACKGROUND: The "GENetIcs of sUbSequent Coronary Heart Disease" (GENIUS-CHD) consortium was established to facilitate discovery and validation of genetic variants and biomarkers for risk of subsequent CHD events, in individuals with established CHD. METHODS: The consortium currently includes 57 studies from 18 countries, recruiting 185,614 participants with either acute coronary syndrome, stable CHD or a mixture of both at baseline. All studies collected biological samples and followed-up study participants prospectively for subsequent events. RESULTS: Enrollment into the individual studies took place between 1985 to present day with duration of follow up ranging from 9 months to 15 years. Within each study, participants with CHD are predominantly of self-reported European descent (38%-100%), mostly male (44%-91%) with mean ages at recruitment ranging from 40 to 75 years. Initial feasibility analyses, using a federated analysis approach, yielded expected associations between age (HR 1.15 95% CI 1.14-1.16) per 5-year increase, male sex (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.13-1.21) and smoking (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.35-1.51) with risk of subsequent CHD death or myocardial infarction, and differing associations with other individual and composite cardiovascular endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: GENIUS-CHD is a global collaboration seeking to elucidate genetic and non-genetic determinants of subsequent event risk in individuals with established CHD, in order to improve residual risk prediction and identify novel drug targets for secondary prevention. Initial analyses demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of a federated analysis approach. The consortium now plans to initiate and test novel hypotheses as well as supporting replication and validation analyses for other investigators

Association of Chromosome 9p21 with Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease events:A GENIUS-CHD study of individual participant data

BACKGROUND:Genetic variation at chromosome 9p21 is a recognized risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, its effect on disease progression and subsequent events is unclear, raising questions about its value for stratification of residual risk. METHODS:A variant at chromosome 9p21 (rs1333049) was tested for association with subsequent events during follow-up in 103,357 Europeans with established CHD at baseline from the GENIUS-CHD Consortium (73.1% male, mean age 62.9 years). The primary outcome, subsequent CHD death or myocardial infarction (CHD death/MI), occurred in 13,040 of the 93,115 participants with available outcome data. Effect estimates were compared to case/control risk obtained from CARDIoGRAMPlusC4D including 47,222 CHD cases and 122,264 controls free of CHD. RESULTS:Meta-analyses revealed no significant association between chromosome 9p21 and the primary outcome of CHD death/MI among those with established CHD at baseline (GENIUS-CHD OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.99-1.05). This contrasted with a strong association in CARDIoGRAMPlusC4D OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.18-1.22; p for interaction Conclusions: In contrast to studies comparing individuals with CHD to disease free controls, we found no clear association between genetic variation at chromosome 9p21 and risk of subsequent acute CHD events when all individuals had CHD at baseline. However, the association with subsequent revascularization may support the postulated mechanism of chromosome 9p21 for promoting atheroma development

Gnosis und Globalisierung

So schwer das gegenwärtige Phänomen der Globalisierung im einzelnen auch zu beschreiben sein mag, so sehr kommt es uns inzwischen doch vertraut vor. Bei dem historischen Problemkomplex der Gnosis verhält sich das selbstverständlich anders, da es sich um ein Phänomen der Spätantike handelt, von dem allerdings Hans Blumenberg in seinem 1966 erstmals erschienenen Buch "Die Legitimität der Neuzeit" gesagt hat, daß es bis in die Neuzeit hinein die größte Herausforderung für die "abendländische Welt" darstellte. Diese Herausforderung, und das ist der Grund für die ungewöhnliche Verbindung zweier Themen, die historisch gesehen sehr weit auseinanderliegen, ist jedoch möglicherweise nicht, wie Blumenberg glaubte, mit der Neuzeit endgültig beantwortet, sondern stellt sich unter den Bedingungen eben jener Globalisierung neu

Symbiotische Existenzen : zur Geschichte des ökologischen Imaginären

Am zweiten Wochenende des Oktobers 1913 versammelten sich weit über zweitausend junge Frauen und Männer auf dem Hohen Meißner in Hessen. Eingeladen zu diesem Treffen hatte eine lose Vereinigung von Jugendbünden, die den patriotischen Auswüchsen des Kaiserreichs etwas entgegensetzen wollten. Denn im gleichen Monat fanden die offiziellen Festakte zum hundertjährigen Jubiläum der sogenannten Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig statt, in der die napoleonischen Truppen ihre entscheidende Niederlage erlitten hatten. Anlässlich des Rückblicks auf dieses historische Ereignis sollte ein monumentales Denkmal eingeweiht werden. Zu den jugendlichen Gegnern der Reichspolitik gehörten Gruppierungen der Wandervögel und Lebensreformer, die sich für einen fundamentalen Wandel einsetzten. Ihr politisches Ziel war es, die Geschlossenheit einer Jugendbewegung zu demonstrieren, die nichts mehr mit den alten Feindschaften zu tun hatte. Die Alternativveranstaltung war als ein "Fest der Jugend" gedacht, das die Sehnsucht nach einem anderen Leben zum Ausdruck bringen sollte. Die Bewegung forderte unter anderem ein neues Naturverhältnis, das den Ausgangspunkt einer sozialen und ökologischen Gegenwelt zur modernen Gesellschaft mit ihren zerstörerischen Tendenzen bilden sollte. [...] Im Kontext der zweiten Umweltbewegung, die zeitgleich mit den neuen sozialen Bewegungen der Nachkriegszeit entstand, hat die Biologin Lynn Margulis in ihrem Buch "Symbiotic Planet" (1998) eine Sicht auf die Evolution entfaltet, bei der ebenfalls nicht die Konkurrenz der Lebewesen maßgeblich ist, sondern deren Verbundenheit