Warum klassische Evaluation oftmals nicht ausreicht – eine Studie zur Ermittlung der Bedeutsamkeit Mentaler Modelle als Evaluationsmethode

Hohe Benutzertauglichkeit und Akzeptanz eines Webseitenservices sind nur dann gewährleistet, wenn diese auf die funktionalen Bedürfnisse, aber auch auf die strukturellen Vorstellungen ihrer Benutzer zugeschnitten sind. Im Kontext einer Webseite zur „Suche nach E-Learning-Produkten im Internet“ wurde untersucht, inwieweit die Kenntnis der Mentalen Modelle potenzieller Nutzer den Softwareentwicklungsprozess positiv beeinflussen kann. Dabei erlaubte die Erhebung Mentaler Modelle mit Hilfe der Struktur-Lege-Technik (SLT) als Evaluationsmethode einen Vergleich mit der tatsächlich entwickelten Webseite. Die Studie zeigte, dass trotz zuvor bereits durchgeführter, klassischer Evaluationen (Usability Tests, Anwendung von Heuristiken und Cognitive Walkthroughs) 40 Funktionsbereiche genannt wurden, die auf der tatsächlichen Webseite nicht vorgesehen oder umgesetzt sind. Daraus folgt, dass die Erhebung von Mentalen Modellen ebenfalls bereits vor dem Software-Entwicklungsprozess durchgeführt werden soll. (DIPF/Orig.

The emergence of transnational political spaces

This article retraces the ways in which politically-engaged Mexican migrant organizations from Chicago have contributed to the emergence of transnational political spaces since the late 1990s. The results of the underlying broad ethnographic study in Chicago and the Mexican state of Michoacán contribute to an understanding of transnational political spaces, based on the interplay of cross-border arenas of multifaceted political action. Mexican migrant organizations interact with their home communities, government agencies on both sides of the border and US civic organizations in civic and institutional political arenas. The ethnographic analysis highlights case-specific characteristics of transnational political spaces that are central to a more extensive theoretical understanding of transnationalization processes: “the local” as network of social relationships; the development of agency; political action in and beyond nation-state structures; and the intertwining of multifaceted interaction and communication arenas.Este artigo delineia como o envolvimento político das organizações de migrantes mexicanos em ­Chicago tem contribuído para o surgimento de espaços políticos transnacionais desde o final da década de 1990. Tem por base os resultados de um estudo etnográfico amplo em Chicago e no estado mexicano de Michoacán, que contribuem para a compreensão dos espaços políticos transnacionais, com base na interação de arenas transfronteiriças de ação política multifacetada. Organizações de migrantes mexicanos interagem com as suas comunidades de origem, agências governamentais de ambos os lados da fronteira e organizações cívicas dos EUA em arenas políticas cívicas e institucionais. Através da análise etnográfica, destacam-se as características específicas dos espaços políticos transnacionais, que são fundamentais para uma compreensão teórica mais ampla dos processos de transnacionalização: “o local” como rede de relações sociais; o desenvolvimento da agência; a ação política dentro e para além das estruturas do Estado-nação; e o entrelaçamento das arenas multifacetadas da interação e da comunicação

Food lokal/global in Bewegung

Peer Reviewe

Trajetórias migratórias e violência organizada no corredor América Central-México-Estados Unidos

Este artículo reflexiona sobre las experiencias de migrantes forzados en tránsito por México frente a la violencia organizada. Con un análisis transversal que se centra en las respuestas por parte del Estado frente a este tipo de migración y en las políticas binacionales que surgen de las relaciones desiguales entre naciones, que se materializan en la externalización de las fronteras, nos interesa entender, desde la perspectiva de las personas migrantes, cuáles son las diferentes formas de violencia organizada a la que se enfrentan en sus trayectos y cómo éstas van transformando los caminos que toman para tratar de llegar a sus destinos, asícomo sus percepciones sobre la migración. El artículo se basa en un trabajo etnográfico realizado entre 2019 y 2020, y se enfoca específicamente en dos casos de migrantes de Honduras.Este artigo reflete sobre as experiências de violência organizada vividas pormigrantes forçados em trânsito pelo México. Com uma análise transversal que se concentra nas respostas do Estado a este tipo de migração e nas políticas binacionais que surgem das relações desiguais entre nações, materializadas na externalização das fronteiras, estamos interessadas em compreender, a partir da perspectiva dos migrantes, quais são as diferentes formas de violência organizada que enfrentam nas suas viagens e como estas transformam os caminhos quepercorrem para tentar chegar aos seus destinos, bem como as suas percepçõesda migração. O artigo baseia-se em trabalho etnográfico realizado entre 2019 e 2020, e centra-se especificamente em dois casos de migrantes de Honduras

Food lokal/global in Bewegung

Nahrungsmittel und Ernährung sind eng verwoben mit Lebensstilen, kulturellen Praktiken, Konsumgewohnheiten sowie mit Vorstellungen von gesundem und ungesundem Leben. Gleichzeitig bergen der Umgang mit Nahrungsmitteln, ihre Produktion, Verarbeitung, Vermarktung, aber auch ihr Konsum in einer globalisierten Welt politisches Konfliktpotenzial. Die hier präsentierte sozial- und kulturwissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit Nahrungsmitteln sowie Ernährung und Essen basiert auf einem transdisziplinären Zugang und richtet den Blick auf Food-Politiken und -Praktiken. Das Feld der Food-Politiken nimmt Bezug auf die (lokalen) Antworten auf die skizzierten globalen agrar- und finanzwirtschaftlichen Problematiken in Verbindung mit Ernährungsweisen und Essen sowie Nahrungsmittelproduktion und -handel. Der Themenblock Food-Praktiken analysiert und diskutiert lokale Ernährungs- und Nahrungsmittelpraktiken, in denen sich globale Praktiken, Politiken und Herausforderungen, ausgelöst nicht zuletzt durch die Covid-19 Pandemie, abbilden. Insgesamt zeigen die Beiträge die Bandbreite des Themas Food und die Produktivität einer transdisziplinären Forschung, durch die Spannungsverhältnisse von In-Wert-Setzung von Nahrungsmitteln und Ernährung im Geflecht globaler und lokaler Praktiken und Politiken sichtbar gemacht und bearbeitet werden können.Peer Reviewe

Swabian MOSES 2021: An interdisciplinary field campaign for investigating convective storms and their event chains

The Neckar Valley and the Swabian Jura in southwest Germany comprise a hotspot for severe convective storms, causing tens of millions of euros in damage each year. Possible reasons for the high frequency of thunderstorms and the associated event chain across compartments were investigated in detail during the hydro-meteorological field campaign Swabian MOSES carried out between May and September 2021. Researchers from various disciplines established more than 25 temporary ground-based stations equipped with state-of-the-art in situ and remote sensing observation systems, such as lidars, dual-polarization X- and C-band Doppler weather radars, radiosondes including stratospheric balloons, an aerosol cloud chamber, masts to measure vertical fluxes, autosamplers for water probes in rivers, and networks of disdrometers, soil moisture, and hail sensors. These fixed-site observations were supplemented by mobile observation systems, such as a research aircraft with scanning Doppler lidar, a cosmic ray neutron sensing rover, and a storm chasing team launching swarmsondes in the vicinity of hailstorms. Seven Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) were conducted on a total of 21 operating days. An exceptionally high number of convective events, including both unorganized and organized thunderstorms such as multicells or supercells, occurred during the study period. This paper gives an overview of the Swabian MOSES (Modular Observation Solutions for Earth Systems) field campaign, briefly describes the observation strategy, and presents observational highlights for two IOPs

Effect of Hydrocortisone on Mortality and Organ Support in Patients With Severe COVID-19: The REMAP-CAP COVID-19 Corticosteroid Domain Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Evidence regarding corticosteroid use for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited. Objective: To determine whether hydrocortisone improves outcome for patients with severe COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: An ongoing adaptive platform trial testing multiple interventions within multiple therapeutic domains, for example, antiviral agents, corticosteroids, or immunoglobulin. Between March 9 and June 17, 2020, 614 adult patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 were enrolled and randomized within at least 1 domain following admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) for respiratory or cardiovascular organ support at 121 sites in 8 countries. Of these, 403 were randomized to open-label interventions within the corticosteroid domain. The domain was halted after results from another trial were released. Follow-up ended August 12, 2020. Interventions: The corticosteroid domain randomized participants to a fixed 7-day course of intravenous hydrocortisone (50 mg or 100 mg every 6 hours) (n = 143), a shock-dependent course (50 mg every 6 hours when shock was clinically evident) (n = 152), or no hydrocortisone (n = 108). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was organ support-free days (days alive and free of ICU-based respiratory or cardiovascular support) within 21 days, where patients who died were assigned -1 day. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model that included all patients enrolled with severe COVID-19, adjusting for age, sex, site, region, time, assignment to interventions within other domains, and domain and intervention eligibility. Superiority was defined as the posterior probability of an odds ratio greater than 1 (threshold for trial conclusion of superiority >99%). Results: After excluding 19 participants who withdrew consent, there were 384 patients (mean age, 60 years; 29% female) randomized to the fixed-dose (n = 137), shock-dependent (n = 146), and no (n = 101) hydrocortisone groups; 379 (99%) completed the study and were included in the analysis. The mean age for the 3 groups ranged between 59.5 and 60.4 years; most patients were male (range, 70.6%-71.5%); mean body mass index ranged between 29.7 and 30.9; and patients receiving mechanical ventilation ranged between 50.0% and 63.5%. For the fixed-dose, shock-dependent, and no hydrocortisone groups, respectively, the median organ support-free days were 0 (IQR, -1 to 15), 0 (IQR, -1 to 13), and 0 (-1 to 11) days (composed of 30%, 26%, and 33% mortality rates and 11.5, 9.5, and 6 median organ support-free days among survivors). The median adjusted odds ratio and bayesian probability of superiority were 1.43 (95% credible interval, 0.91-2.27) and 93% for fixed-dose hydrocortisone, respectively, and were 1.22 (95% credible interval, 0.76-1.94) and 80% for shock-dependent hydrocortisone compared with no hydrocortisone. Serious adverse events were reported in 4 (3%), 5 (3%), and 1 (1%) patients in the fixed-dose, shock-dependent, and no hydrocortisone groups, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with severe COVID-19, treatment with a 7-day fixed-dose course of hydrocortisone or shock-dependent dosing of hydrocortisone, compared with no hydrocortisone, resulted in 93% and 80% probabilities of superiority with regard to the odds of improvement in organ support-free days within 21 days. However, the trial was stopped early and no treatment strategy met prespecified criteria for statistical superiority, precluding definitive conclusions. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02735707

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Abstract The parton-level top quark (t) forward-backward asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric (d̂ t) and chromomagnetic (μ̂ t) moments have been measured using LHC pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected in the CMS detector in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The linearized variable AFB(1) is used to approximate the asymmetry. Candidate t t ¯ events decaying to a muon or electron and jets in final states with low and high Lorentz boosts are selected and reconstructed using a fit of the kinematic distributions of the decay products to those expected for t t ¯ final states. The values found for the parameters are AFB(1)=0.048−0.087+0.095(stat)−0.029+0.020(syst),μ̂t=−0.024−0.009+0.013(stat)−0.011+0.016(syst), and a limit is placed on the magnitude of | d̂ t| < 0.03 at 95% confidence level. [Figure not available: see fulltext.