Utilization of poultry by product meal as an alternative protein source for Huso huso within growth period

With regard to increasing the fish meal price, utilization of hygienic and analyzed poultry by product meal as an alternative protein source in diets for Huso huso within growth period were investigated. Six test diets isonitrogenous and isocaleric (contain 42% protein and 20 Mj kg-1 energy) were prepared. Fish meal was substituted by poultry by product at 20% (PBM20), 40% (PBM40), 60% (PBM60), 80% (PBM80) and 100% (PBM100) in base diet, respectively. A total of 180 Huso huso with average (±SD) weight of 107.89±5.9gr were stocked in 18 fiberglass tanks (Voloum:2000 lit,Temperature:20±2C 0) and fed satiation to 18 weeks. No significant differences were detected between final weight (FW),weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of fish fed (PBM0), (PBM20), (PBM40), (PBM60) and (PBM80) respectively. The Highest protein belonged to fish fed PBM20 (%16.97±0.36) with significant difference with PBM40 (% 15.41 ± 0.67), respectively. Body lipid fish fed PBM80 and PBM100 (%6.63±0.016) (%7.49±0.17) were significantly lower than other treatments. The Synchronic hepatosomatic index increased with increasing poultry by product in diets and highest rate were found in fish fed PBM 100 , but except PBM20, visceral index in fish fed other treatments was same. The result showed that up to 80% fish meal could be replaced by poultry by product with no adverse effect on growth and feed conversion ratio for Huso huso within growth period

Utilization of corn gluten meal as a protein source in great sturgeon (Huso huso) diets in growth up stage

The utilization of corn gluten meal (CGM) was evaluated as a replacement for fish meal (FM) in practical diets for beluga Huso huso in growth up stage. Four experimental diets (isonitrogenus and isocaloric , 40 % protein and 18 kj/ g diet) were formulated. Fish meal was replaced by CGM at 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% being named as CGM0, CGM20, CGM40 and CGM60, respectively. Fingerlings great sturgeon with an initial body weight of ± 78.876.94gr (mean ±SD) were reared in 12 fiberglass tanks and fed with diets for10 weeks at 20.00± 2 oC. At the end of experiment, growth performance (final weight, body increase weight, specific growth rate) of fish fed CGM20 and CGM40 were significantly higher than fish fed control diet, While feed conversion ratio were lower than fish fed CGM40 and CGM60 compared with control diet. There were not significant difference in condition factor, protein efficiency ratio and body protein in different experimental groups , but body lipid increased as dietary gluten meal increased (P<0.05). Different levels of corn gluten meal did no significantly affect Aspartat amino transferas (AST), Alanin amino transferas (ALT) and Triglyceride, but amount of cholesterol in fish fed diets CGM40 and CGM 60 were significantly lower than control diet (P<0.05). The present study revealed that CGM is a suitable source as replacement with fish meal and might be included in great sturgeon commercial diet up to 60 % with no adverse effect on nutrition efficiency, liver enzymes and biochemical parameters

Studies on Effect of Different Extraction Methods on The Quality of Pomegranate Juice And Preparation of Spiced Pomegranate Juice

The present investigation was carried out to standardize the method of extraction of juice and to study the effect of extraction method on yield and quality of pomegranate juice. Also the efforts were also made to standardize the recipe for preparation of spiced pomegranate juice by using selected processing techniques and explore the prepared product for commercial use. Further efforts were made to evaluate the chemical quality of prepared pomegranate juice enriched with spices for their nutritional and organoleptic quality. The juice was also analysed for shelf life study on both i.e. at room as well as refrigeration temperature and techno-economic feasibility of spiced pomegranate juice was also assessed

Current and Future Prospects of Nitro-compounds as Drugs for Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis

Interest in nitroheterocyclic drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases has undergone a resurgence in recent years. Here we review the current status of monocyclic and bicyclic nitroheterocyclic compounds as existing or potential new treatments for visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas' disease and human African trypanosomiasis. Both monocyclic (nifurtimox, benznidazole and fexinidazole) and bicyclic (pretomanid (PA-824) and delamanid (OPC-67683)) nitro-compounds are prodrugs, requiring enzymatic activation to exert their parasite toxicity. Current understanding of the nitroreductases involved in activation and possible mechanisms by which parasites develop resistance is discussed along with a description of the pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic behaviour and chemical structure-activity relationships of drugs and experimental compounds.</p

Future and potential spending on health 2015-40: Development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

Background: The amount of resources, particularly prepaid resources, available for health can affect access to health care and health outcomes. Although health spending tends to increase with economic development, tremendous variation exists among health financing systems. Estimates of future spending can be beneficial for policy makers and planners, and can identify financing gaps. In this study, we estimate future gross domestic product (GDP), all-sector government spending, and health spending disaggregated by source, and we compare expected future spending to potential future spending. Methods: We extracted GDP, government spending in 184 countries from 1980-2015, and health spend data from 1995-2014. We used a series of ensemble models to estimate future GDP, all-sector government spending, development assistance for health, and government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending through 2040. We used frontier analyses to identify patterns exhibited by the countries that dedicate the most funding to health, and used these frontiers to estimate potential health spending for each low-income or middle-income country. All estimates are inflation and purchasing power adjusted. Findings: We estimated that global spending on health will increase from US$9.21 trillion in 2014 to$24.24 trillion (uncertainty interval [UI] 20.47-29.72) in 2040. We expect per capita health spending to increase fastest in upper-middle-income countries, at 5.3% (UI 4.1-6.8) per year. This growth is driven by continued growth in GDP, government spending, and government health spending. Lower-middle income countries are expected to grow at 4.2% (3.8-4.9). High-income countries are expected to grow at 2.1% (UI 1.8-2.4) and low-income countries are expected to grow at 1.8% (1.0-2.8). Despite this growth, health spending per capita in low-income countries is expected to remain low, at $154 (UI 133-181) per capita in 2030 and$195 (157-258) per capita in 2040. Increases in national health spending to reach the level of the countries who spend the most on health, relative to their level of economic development, would mean $321 (157-258) per capita was available for health in 2040 in low-income countries. Interpretation: Health spending is associated with economic development but past trends and relationships suggest that spending will remain variable, and low in some low-resource settings. Policy change could lead to increased health spending, although for the poorest countries external support might remain essential

A comparative analytical study for the different water pools present in alginate hydrogels:Qualitative vs. quantitative approaches

Alginate hydrogels have garnered significant attention due to their promising applications in the food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries. The detection and quantification of distinct water phases within these hydrogels offer valuable insights into their dynamic, absorptive, and mechanical properties. Despite being comprised solely of 2 wt % polymeric materials, the alginate hydrogels exhibit a highly porous morphology, characterized by distinct water pools exhibiting varying mobility and dynamic behaviors. These phases can be delineated as largely free water phase with high mobility, which occupies the macropores, and bound water with restricted mobility, which interacts with the fibrous polymeric structure. Water pools interacting with their surrounding environments possess variable crystal structures on variable freezing points, this could be easily detected using X-ray scattering techniques. A comparative study was conducted based on the information derived from each technique, with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) yielding quantitative information for the water phases in alginate hydrogels (i.e., 58 % free and 42 % bound water in 0.75 wt % - 6 h aging sample), whereas cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM), wide and small-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS and SAXS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and rheology provided valuable qualitative insights. In this study, deep insights into the molecular structure of alginates were obtained including the alteration in morphology and macropore distribution, increase in the wall thickness, density, and mechanical properties upon increasing the Ca2+ concentration and aging period.</p

Surfactant-Free Peroxidase-Mediated Enzymatic Polymerization of a Biorenewable Butyrolactone Monomer via a Green Approach:Synthesis of Sustainable Biobased Latexes

A green surfactant-free one-pot horseradish peroxidase-mediated enzymatic polymerization is successfully applied to produce a sustainable and thermally stable biobased high average molar mass poly(α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone) (PMBL) at ambient conditions in water for the first time. The initiation step required only very low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and 2,4-pentanedione water-soluble initiator to generate the keto-enoxy radicals responsible for forming the primary latex particles. The polymer nanoparticles can be seen as monodisperse, and the biobased latexes are colloidally stable and likely stabilized by the adsorption of 2,4-pentanedione moieties on the particle surfaces. Polymerizations in air produced a 98% yield of PMBL after only 3 h, highlighting the relevance of molecular oxygen. An array of characterization techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H, 13C, and HSQC two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) are used to confirm the properties of the synthesized latexes. The PMBL exhibited high thermal stability, with only a 5% weight loss at 340 °C and a glass-transition temperature of 200 °C, which is double that of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). This research provides an interesting pathway for the synthesis of sustainable biobased latexes via enzymes in a green environment using just water at ambient conditions and the potential use of the polymer in high-temperature applications.</p

Surfactant-Free Peroxidase-Mediated Enzymatic Polymerization of a Biorenewable Butyrolactone Monomer via a Green Approach:Synthesis of Sustainable Biobased Latexes

A green surfactant-free one-pot horseradish peroxidase-mediated enzymatic polymerization is successfully applied to produce a sustainable and thermally stable biobased high average molar mass poly(α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone) (PMBL) at ambient conditions in water for the first time. The initiation step required only very low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and 2,4-pentanedione water-soluble initiator to generate the keto-enoxy radicals responsible for forming the primary latex particles. The polymer nanoparticles can be seen as monodisperse, and the biobased latexes are colloidally stable and likely stabilized by the adsorption of 2,4-pentanedione moieties on the particle surfaces. Polymerizations in air produced a 98% yield of PMBL after only 3 h, highlighting the relevance of molecular oxygen. An array of characterization techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H, 13C, and HSQC two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) are used to confirm the properties of the synthesized latexes. The PMBL exhibited high thermal stability, with only a 5% weight loss at 340 °C and a glass-transition temperature of 200 °C, which is double that of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). This research provides an interesting pathway for the synthesis of sustainable biobased latexes via enzymes in a green environment using just water at ambient conditions and the potential use of the polymer in high-temperature applications.</p

Eco-friendly and cost-effective adsorbent derived from blast furnace slag with black liquor waste for hazardous remediation

The current investigation concerns with preparation eco-friendly and cost-effective adsorbent (mesoporous silica nanoparticles (SBL)) based on black liquor (BL) containing lignin derived from sugarcane bagasse and combining it with sodium silicate derived from blast furnace slag (BFS) for thorium adsorption. Thorium ions were adsorbed from an aqueous solution using the synthesized bio-sorbent (SBL), which was then assessed by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Th(IV) sorption properties, including the pH effect, uptake rate, and sorption isotherms across various temperatures were investigated. The maximum sorption capacity of Th(IV) on SBL is 158.88 mg/L at pH value of 4328 K, and 60 min contact time. We demonstrated that the adsorption processes comport well with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir adsorption models considering the kinetics and equilibrium data. According to thermodynamic inspections results, the Th(IV) adsorption process exhibited endothermic and random behavior suggested by positive ΔH° and ΔS° values, while the negative ΔG° values indicated a spontaneous sorption process. The maximum Th(IV) desorption from the loaded SBL (Th/SBL) was carried out at 0.25 M of NaHCO3 and 60 min of contact. Sorption/desorption processes have five successive cycles. Finally, this study suggests that the recycling of BFS and BL can be exploited for the procurement of a promising Th(IV) adsorbents