Digital accountability for LEAs: balancing technical possibility, legal permissibility and societal acceptability

The expansive proliferation of social media, electronic devices and data processing capabilities has presented Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA) with a dilemma. On the one hand there is a need for/opportunity to expand capability, adapting practices and policies to capitalise on what is now technically possible (not only in the application of data technology but also in the context of what can be achieved within the technical conventions of the law), utilising citizens’ data and actively encouraging their collation and sharing as part of everyday community policing. On the other, the development in data technology has been accompanied by a rapid expansion in public expectation and a need for greater legal regulation, all combining to bring an important extension of police accountability. The focus of the research is thus how can LEAs balance that which is technically possible against what is legally permissible and societally acceptable? Moving from the known to the needed, the published work draws upon and addresses the size and shape of the dilemma, identifying gaps and supplying “evidence-informed management knowledge” (Tranfield et al 2003) at both an individual and organisational level. Providing a themed and coherent new praxis for LEAs the work identifies how LEAs must balance the availability of data with the rapidly increasing public expectations of privacy, security, confidentiality and accountability, collecting and connecting the qualitative knowledge and practice that resides in distributed places and people, in order to establish a previously unrecognised body of work that focuses on both opportunities and obligations, in order to promote an understanding of the ‘law in context’ and ultimately increase police effectiveness. The direction of the work follows a series of influences and confluences, tributaries and deltas of change flowing towards the same unequivocal destination: an original contribution to “knowledge about the traditional elements of the law and also about the quickly changing societal, political, economic and technological … aspects of relevance.” (Langbroek 2017)

Neighborhood research from a spatially oriented strengths perspective

Research investigating neighborhood effects on children and families has been largely deficit and individual-focused, investigated structural variables, and has typically produced equivocal findings and small effect sizes. We suggest an approach focused on community strengths and resources that stresses the role of measures of social interaction variables and the utilization of analytic strategies that model the spatial and nested nature of contextual effects. To that end, we offer a community resilience model that includes both community-level risk and protective factors, and suggests sources to obtain community-level strengths data. We also provide a guide for locating community resource data appropriate for use in neighborhood effects research utilizing geographical information systems, multilevel modeling, and spatial analytic strategies. Finally, we discuss the challenges and issues to be addressed in further developing a strategy for investigating neighborhood effects from a strengths perspective. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 667–680, 2007.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/56059/1/20170_ftp.pd

Framing Social Justice: The Ties That Bind a Multinational Occupational Community

The notion of a frame is central to the conceptualisation of social justice and the grounding of social justice claims. Influential theories of social justice are typically grounded in national or cosmopolitan framings. Those entitled to raise claims of injustice are identified as citizens of states or the globe, respectively. The re-visioning of understandings of space and belonging, incumbent in the processes of globalisation, problematises static geographical framings. We offer an alternative lens and argue for the inclusion of sociological data in accounts of social justice to identify the relevant framing of the community of entitlement. Drawing on secondary analysis of a qualitative dataset, we explore the case of multinational seafarers caught at the intersection of competing appeals to nationality and commonality as an exemplar of transnational workers. And, argue that there are compelling grounds to treat this group of multinational seafarers as a community of entitlement

Mapping the nexus of transitional justice and peacebuilding

This paper explores the convergences and divergence between transitional justice and peace-building, by considering some of the recent developments in scholarship and practice. We examine the notion of ‘peace’ in transitional justice and the idea of ‘justice’ in peacebuilding. We highlight that transitional justice and peacebuilding often engage with similar or related ideas, though the scholarship on in each field has developed, largely, in parallel to each other, and of-ten without any significant engagement between the fields of inquiry. We also note that both fields share other commonalities, insofar as they often neglect questions of capital (political, social, economic) and at times, gender. We suggest that trying to locate the nexus in the first place draws attention to where peace and justice have actually got to be produced in order for there not to be conflict and violence. This in turn demonstrates that locally, ‘peace’ and ‘justice’ do not always look like the ‘peace’ and ‘justice’ drawn up by international donors and peace-builders; and, despite the ‘turn to the local’ in international relations, it is surprising just how many local and everyday dynamics are (dis)missed as sources of peace and justice, or potential avenues of addressing the past

Rationalizing Systems Analysis for the Evaluation of Adaptation Strategies in Complex Human‐Water Systems

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Assessing Risk in Graphically Presented Financial Series

It has been argued that traders use their natural sensitivity to the fractal properties of price graphs to assess risk and that they are better able to do this when given price change as well as price level information. This approach implies that risk assessments should be higher when the Hurst exponents are lower, that this relationship should be stronger in the presence of price change information and that risk assessment should depend more strongly on the Hurst exponent than on the standard deviation of the series. Participants in Experiment 1 decided which of two assets was riskier by inspecting graphs of their price series. Graphs with lower Hurst exponents were selected only by those who were less emotionally stable and hence more sensitive to risk. However, when both price series and price change series were presented, the assets with lower Hurst exponents were selected by all participants. In a second experiment, participants were given both price level and price change series for a number of assets and rated the risk of trading in each one. Ratings depended more strongly on Hurst exponents than on other measures of volatility. They also depended on indicators of potential loss. Human risk assessment deviates from the way that risk is measured in modern finance theory: it requires integration of information relevant to both uncertainty and loss aversion, thereby imposing high attentional demands on traders. These demands may impair risk assessment but they can be eased by adding displays of price change information

Responsible AI governance: A response to UN interim report on governing AI for humanity

A response to UN interim report on governing AI for humanit

Young offenders' views of desistance in Japan : a comparison with Scotland

Young offenders' views of the criminal justice system or of why young people desist from crime are rarely sought by policy makers and practitioners the world over. This chapter draws on a recent study of young offenders' and ex-offenders' views and experiences of desistance from crime undertaken within Japan, and draws comparisons with a similar study undertaken in Scotland. The focus of the chapter is young offenders' responses to questions as to why and how young people desist from crime. The chapter prioritises their verbatim answers to these questions and, in comparing the responses between Japanese and Scottish young people, it concludes that despite concerns amongst criminologists about crime and desistance having different aetiologies within Eastern and Western cultures, young people in both Japan and Scotland have remarkably similar views. This consistency is perhaps based on young people's universal status as 'in transition' and potentially marginalised as a result, rather than on any country-specific status as 'young people in trouble'

A reference panel of 64,976 haplotypes for genotype imputation.

We describe a reference panel of 64,976 human haplotypes at 39,235,157 SNPs constructed using whole-genome sequence data from 20 studies of predominantly European ancestry. Using this resource leads to accurate genotype imputation at minor allele frequencies as low as 0.1% and a large increase in the number of SNPs tested in association studies, and it can help to discover and refine causal loci. We describe remote server resources that allow researchers to carry out imputation and phasing consistently and efficiently