Penularan Virus Mosaik Kedelai (Smv) dan Virus Kerdil Kedelai (Ssv) Lewat Benih, dan Upaya Memproduksi Benih Kedelai Bebas Smv dan Ssv

Salah satu penyebab rendahnya produktivitas tanaman kedelai di Indonesia adalah karena serangan penyakit virus dan penggunaan benih yang kualitasnya tidak terjamin. Di antara lebih dari 10 jenis penyakit virus yang menyerang tanaman kedelai di Indonesia, dua diantaranya yaitu virus mosaik kedelai (Soybean mosaic virus= SMV ) dan virus kerdil kedelai ( Soybean stunt virus =SSV) ditularkanmelalui benih kedelai. Di dalam biji kedelai yang terinfeksi, virus SMV dan SSV terdapat di dalam jaringan kulit biji atau embrio (kotiledon dan lembaga). Penularan SMV and SSV melalui benih kedelai memegang peranan penting dalam penyebarluasan dan perkembangan epidemi penyakit virus di lapang. Untuk mendeteksi SMV dan SSV dalam biji kedelai dapat dilakukan cara sederhana dengan mengamati langsung secara visual, uji ditumbuhkan (growing-on test), uji infektivitas (invectivity test) atau menggunakan teknik serologi (uji presipitasi, uji aglutinasi, immunoelectron microscopy (IEM), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radio immunosorbent assay (RISA), dan hibridisasi asam nukleat. Benih kedelai yang bebas virus SMV dan SSV dapat diproduksi dengan cara: (1) menghindari sumber infeksi awal, yaitu dengan menggunakan stok benih sehat, menghilangkan tanaman kedelai terinfeksi dan sumber infeksi lain di lapang, (2) mencegah masuk dan tersebarnya virus SMV dan SSV ke pertanaman kedelai dengan isolasi tempat dan waktu, pengendalian vektor, serta (3) menanam varietas tahan atau yang tidak menularkan virus lewat bij

Strategi Optimalisasi Pengendalian Penyakit Bercak Daun dan Karat pada Kacang Tanah

Kacang tanah merupakan sumber lemak dan protein nabati yang penting bagi sebaian besar penduduk Indonesia. Meskipun demikian komoditas ini belum banyak disentuh oleh program-program pembangunan pertanian yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah sehingga produktivitasnya masih rendahyaitu 1,1 t/ha. Salah satu penyebab rendahnya produktivitas tersebut adalah akibat serangan penyakit karat oleh Puccinia arachidas. Pola perkembangan epidemi, penyakit bercak daun dan karat mengikuti penyakit pola bunga maremuk. Strategi pengendalian yang dapat dilakukan untuk menekan perkembangan epidemi penyakit di lapang adalah dengan cara menekan proporsi tanaman sakit pada saat awal, memperkecil laju inflasi dan mempersingkat waktu terjadinya epidemi. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui penerapan pengendalian penyakit secara terpadu (PPT) yang meliputi pengaturan pola tanam, rotasi tanam, saat tanam, menanam varietas tahan, sanitasi lingkungan, eradikasi tanaman sakit dan menyemprot fungisida apabila diperlukan. Optimalisasi hasil pengendalian dapat dilakukan melalui pendekatan kelompok-kelompok tani mencakup hamparan-hamparan luas

Strategi Pengendalian Penyakit Tanaman Kedelai

Serangan penyakit tanaman merupakan salah satu penyebab produktivitas tanaman kedelai masih rendah (sekitar 1,2 t/ha). Tidak kurang 20 patogen jamur, bakteri, mikoplasma dan virus dapat menyerang tanaman kedelai dan menyebabkan kerugian hasil mulai ringan sampai berat. Ekologi tropika yang lembab dan hangat serta tidak adanya musim dingin/musim panas yang tegas, memungkinkan petani bertanam sepanjang tahun dengan pola tanam yang tidak teratur dan terpencar, menyebabkan permasalahan pengendalian penyakit tanaman menjadi lebih kompleks. Identifikasi patogen penyebab penyakit secara benar diikuti pemahaman ekobiologi patogen, tanaman inang, dan vektor (patogen virus) serta pola perkembangan penyakit di lapang sangat diperlukan untuk menyusun strategi dan langkah operasional pengendalian penyakit tanaman kedelai. Berdasar pola perkembangan penyakit di lapang, sebagian besar penyakit tanaman kedelai mengikuti pola perkembangan bunga majemuk (compound interest). Oleh karena itu strategi pengendalian penyakit dilakukan dengan menekan proporsi tanaman sakit pada saat awal (Xo), menekan laju infeksi (r) dan mengurangi waktu (t) terjadinya epidemi. Pengendalian Penyakit Terpadu (PPT) yang mengkombinasikan beberapa komponen pengendalian ke dalam satu sistem melalui pendekatan kelompok tani dalam hamparan yang luas akan lebih mengoptimalkan upaya pengendalian penyakit tanaman di lapang

Arti Penting Penularan Virus Lewat Biji Kacang-kacangan dan Hubungannya dengan Sertifikasi dan Produksi Benih Sehat

Salah satu penyebab rendahnya produktivitas tanaman kacang-kacangan (kedelai, kacang tanah dan kacang hijau) di Indonesia adalah karena sebagian besar petani masih menggunakan benih asalan yang tidak terjamin kualitasnya. Benih sehat merupakan modal utama dalam USAha tani tanaman kacang-kacangan, namun sejauh ini kesehatan benih (terutama terhadap patogen virus) belum dimasukkan dalam program sertifikasi benih. Di Indonesia, diantara lebih dari 15 jenis penyakit virus yang menyerang tanaman kacang-kacangan, tujuh di antaranya ditularkan melalui biji. Penularan virus dari induk tanaman sakit terjadi melalui infeksi sel telur dan/atau tepungsari. Virus terdapat di dalam jaringan kulit biji atau embrio (kotiledon dan lembaga) biji terinfeksi. Sejauh ini belum ada USAha perlakuan benih secara fisik maupun kimiawi yang dapat menginaktifkan virus di dalam embrio tanpa mempengaruhi viabilitas benih tersebut. Penularan virus melalui biji terbukti memegang peranan penting dalam penyebarluasan dan perkembangan epidemi penyakit virus di lapang. Deteksi virus dalam biji dapat dilakukan dengan cara sederhana dengan mengamati langsung secara visual, uji ditumbuhkan, uji infektivitas hingga teknik serologi uji presipitasi, uji aglutinasi, immunosorbent electron microscopy, ELISA, RISA, dan nucleic acid hybridization. Permasalahan yang timbul dalam penerapan uji serologi adalah ketersediaan antiserum dan bahan bahan kimia. Benih yang relatif bebas virus dapat diproduksi dengan cara menghindari sumber infeksi awal dengan mulai dengan penggunaan benih sehat, menghilangkan tanaman terinfeksi dan sumber infeksi lain di lapang, mencegah masuk dan tersebarnya virus ke pertanaman dengan isolasi tempat dan waktu, pengendalian vektor serta menanam varietas tahan atau yang tidak menularkan virus lewat biji. Sertifikasi kesehatan benih (terhadap patogen virus) sebaiknya diterapkan secara bertahap dalam program sertifikasi benih. Untuk itu pemurnian dan produksi antiserum virus kacang-kacangan perlu dilakukan di dalam negeri oleh lembaga penelitian/perguruan tinggi/swasta bersamaan dengan peningkatan SDM dan fasilita

Pengendalian Terpadu Penyakit Kudis (Sphaceloma Batatassaw.) pada Ubijalar

Penyakit kudis yang disebabkan oleh Sphaceloma batatas merupakan penyakit penting dan banyak menimbulkan kerugian hasil yang cukup besar di negara-negara produsen ubijalar (Ipomoea batatas)di Asia, Australia, negara-negara Caribia, kepulauan Pacific dan Amerika latin. Di Indonesia penyakit kudis telah tersebar di sentra produksi ubijalar di Jawa,Bali, Sumatera dan Papua. Kehilangan hasil ubijalar akibat serangan penyakit kudis dapat mencapai 30%, tergantung varietas, umur tanaman pada saat terinfeksi dan kondisi lingkungan. Umumnya penyakit kudis berkembang didataran tinggi dan terutama pada musim hujan. Pengendalian terpadu penyakit kudis dapat dilakukan dengan mengkombinasikan beberapa cara pengendalian yang saling kompatibel dalam satu paket pengendalian yaitu: menanam varietas yang tahan (Muaratakus, Cangkuang, Sewu, Sari, Sukuh, Kidal, Papua Salosa dan Sawentar), menggunakan bibit sehat atau mencelup bibit dalam larutan fungisida Benomyl atau Mankozeb selama 15 menit, rotasi tanam dengan tanaman yang bukan inang jamur seperti tanaman kacang tanah, kedelai, jagung atau padi, sanitasi lahan dengan memusnahkan bekas tanaman yang terinfeksi dan menyemprot fungisida Benomyl (400 g ba/ha), Chlorotalonil 1300 g ba/ha, Captafol 1520 g ba/ha, fentin hidraxide 300 g ba/ha, tembaga oxiklorida 1500 g ba/ha dan Mankozeb 1500 g ba/ha, atau pestisida nabati (4 g/100 ekstrak bawang merah) apabila diperlukan

Incorporating Root Crops Under Agro-Forestry as the Newly Potential Source of Food, Feed and Renewable Energy

Entering the third millennium food and energy crisis is becoming more serious in line with water scarcity amid of climate change induced by global warming, that so called as FEWS (food energy and water scarcity). In the last five decades Indonesian agricultural development of food crops had been emphasized on cereals and grains based. Conversion of forest into agricultural field in the form of upland and lowland facilitated by irrigation is prioritized for cereals such as rice, maize as well as grain legumes such as soybean, peanut etc. Unfortunately, root crops which their main yield underground are neglected. At the end of second millennium Indonesia was seriously suffered from multi-crisis economic trap, so Indonesia as part of countries under World Food Program to import the huge of food to cover domestic consumption such as rice, wheat, soybean, corn etc. On the other hand, consumption of energy was also increase significantly. These conditions triggering government to stimulate integrated agricultural enterprises for providing abundance of food as well as adequate renewable energy. Although root crops were neglected previously, however from its biological potential to produce biomass promotes root crops into an appropriate position. The variability of root crops which ecologically can be grown from upland in dry areas till swampy submergence condition. Forest conversion into agricultural land is not allowed due to forest is useful to prevent global warming. Therefore, food, feed and fuel (renewable energy) production have to be able grown under agro-forestry. Fortunately the potential of root crops has competency to meet the current need to fulfil food, feed and fuel as well as fibre under future greener environment

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially