Isolation and Characterization of Microsatellite Loci in the Asian Rice Gall Midge (Orseolia oryzae) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Microsatellite loci were isolated from the genomic DNA of the Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) using a hybridization capture approach. A total of 90 non-redundant primer pairs, representing unique loci, were designed. These simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers represented di (72%), tri (15.3%), and complex repeats (12.7%). Three biotypes of gall midge (20 individuals for each biotype) were screened using these SSRs. The results revealed that 15 loci were hyper variable and showed polymorphism among different biotypes of this pest. The number of alleles ranged from two to 11 and expected heterozygosity was above 0.5. Inheritance studies with three markers (observed to be polymorphic between sexes) revealed sex linked inheritance of two SSRs (Oosat55 and Oosat59) and autosomal inheritance of one marker (Oosat43). These markers will prove to be a useful tool to devise strategies for integrated pest management and in the study of biotype evolution in this important rice pest

PeakMatcher facilitates updated Aedes aegypti embryonic cis-regulatory element map

Background: The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a threat to human health across the globe. The A. aegypti genome was recently re-sequenced and re-assembled. Due to a combination of long-read PacBio and Hi-C sequencing, the AaegL5 assembly is chromosome complete and significantly improves the assembly in key areas such as the M/m sex-determining locus. Release of the updated genome assembly has precipitated the need to reprocess historical functional genomic data sets, including cis-regulatory element (CRE) maps that had previously been generated for A. aegypti. Results: We re-processed and re-analyzed the A. aegypti whole embryo FAIRE seq data to create an updated embryonic CRE map for the AaegL5 genome. We validated that the new CRE map recapitulates key features of the original AaegL3 CRE map. Further, we built on the improved assembly in the M/m locus to analyze overlaps of open chromatin regions with genes. To support the validation, we created a new method (PeakMatcher) for matching peaks from the same experimental data set across genome assemblies. Conclusion: Use of PeakMatcher software, which is available publicly under an open-source license, facilitated the release of an updated and validated CRE map, which is available through the NIH GEO. These findings demonstrate that PeakMatcher software will be a useful resource for validation and transferring of previous annotations to updated genome assemblies

Status of Adoption of Improved Groundnut Technologies in Odisha State

Paddy is the dominant staple crop in the state of Odisha in India. Groundnut, sesame, mustard and niger are the major oilseed crops cultivated in the state. Groundnut occupied about 34% of total oilseed area and contributed more than 68% of total oilseeds production during the triennium ending (TE) 2017-18. The area under groundnut declined from 318,000 ha to 210,000 ha between TE 1995-96 and 2017-18 (25 years) (Behura et al 2014, Odisha Agricultural Statistics - various issues. https://agriodisha.nic.in/Home/staticstics). It has registered a negative growth rate (cropped area) of 0.93% per annum. Production too declined from 466,000 tons to 374,000 tons during the same period. However, groundnut productivity saw an uptrend from 1465 kg/ha to 1783 kg/ha due to the introduction of modern high-yielding varieties. Figure 1 shows the trends in area, production and productivity of groundnut in the state

Ultrasonic velocity and allied acoustical parameters of 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine based Schiff base in DMSO

1108-1112Novel 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine based Schiff bases (L1-L3) has been successfully synthesized and characterized. The ultrasonic velocity (C) and density (ρ) has been measured for the synthesized Schiff bases with DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) solvents at 300 K. Using these experimental data ultrasonic Velocity, adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length and specific acoustic impedance have been evaluated. From the experimental data, it has been found that L1 ascribed higher ultrasonic velocity as compared to other molecular probes L2 and L3. The strength and nature of interaction between the molecular probes and DMSO solvents has been discussed. Scanning electron microscope studies of molecular probes are performed to discuss the microstructure and surface functionalities

Selective detection of fluoride and hydrogen sulfate anions by pyrimidine-based fluorescence chemosensor

1809-1813The binding and sensing abilities of pyrimidine based fluorescence chemosensor L towards different anions such as F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, ClO4-, H2PO4- and HSO4- have been examined by fluorescence spectroscopy in DMSO-H2O (7: 3, v/v). Upon successive addition of various anions to DMSO-H2O solutions of L; quenching in emission fluorescence is observed at 480 nm. Analysis of fluorescence emission changes suggested the formation of 1:1 complex of L with the anions. From the fluorescence binding constant data, it is found that L form strong complexes with F- and HSO4- ions through H-bonding interactions. The selective response of F- over other halides and HSO4- amongst other oxo-anions towards L may be explained on the basis of photo-induced electron transfer process

Нормативно-правові аспекти дослідження витрат торговельних підприємств

У статті досліджено міжнародні та національні нормативно-правові акти, що розкривають суть та методологічні аспекти формування витрат підприємств у бухгалтерському і податковому обліку. (In the article are investigated standard-legal sources that open methodological aspects of formation of costs of the enterprises in the accounting and tax account.

The genomes of two key bumblebee species with primitive eusocial organization

Background: The shift from solitary to social behavior is one of the major evolutionary transitions. Primitively eusocial bumblebees are uniquely placed to illuminate the evolution of highly eusocial insect societies. Bumblebees are also invaluable natural and agricultural pollinators, and there is widespread concern over recent population declines in some species. High-quality genomic data will inform key aspects of bumblebee biology, including susceptibility to implicated population viability threats. Results: We report the high quality draft genome sequences of Bombus terrestris and Bombus impatiens, two ecologically dominant bumblebees and widely utilized study species. Comparing these new genomes to those of the highly eusocial honeybee Apis mellifera and other Hymenoptera, we identify deeply conserved similarities, as well as novelties key to the biology of these organisms. Some honeybee genome features thought to underpin advanced eusociality are also present in bumblebees, indicating an earlier evolution in the bee lineage. Xenobiotic detoxification and immune genes are similarly depauperate in bumblebees and honeybees, and multiple categories of genes linked to social organization, including development and behavior, show high conservation. Key differences identified include a bias in bumblebee chemoreception towards gustation from olfaction, and striking differences in microRNAs, potentially responsible for gene regulation underlying social and other traits. Conclusions: These two bumblebee genomes provide a foundation for post-genomic research on these key pollinators and insect societies. Overall, gene repertoires suggest that the route to advanced eusociality in bees was mediated by many small changes in many genes and processes, and not by notable expansion or depauperation

Characterization of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) expressed sequence tags (ESTs)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Phlebotomus papatasi </it>is a natural vector of <it>Leishmania major</it>, which causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in many countries. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), or microsatellites, are common in eukaryotic genomes and are short, repeated nucleotide sequence elements arrayed in tandem and flanked by non-repetitive regions. The enrichment methods used previously for finding new microsatellite loci in sand flies remain laborious and time consuming; <it>in silico </it>mining, which includes retrieval and screening of microsatellites from large amounts of sequence data from sequence data bases using microsatellite search tools can yield many new candidate markers.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were characterized in <it>P. papatasi </it>expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from a public database, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). A total of 42,784 sequences were mined, and 1,499 SSRs were identified with a frequency of 3.5% and an average density of 15.55 kb per SSR. Dinucleotide motifs were the most common SSRs, accounting for 67% followed by tri-, tetra-, and penta-nucleotide repeats, accounting for 31.1%, 1.5%, and 0.1%, respectively. The length of microsatellites varied from 5 to 16 repeats. Dinucleotide types; AG and CT have the highest frequency. Dinucleotide SSR-ESTs are relatively biased toward an excess of (AX)n repeats and a low GC base content. Forty primer pairs were designed based on motif lengths for further experimental validation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The first large-scale survey of SSRs derived from <it>P. papatasi </it>is presented; dinucleotide SSRs identified are more frequent than other types. EST data mining is an effective strategy to identify functional microsatellites in <it>P. papatasi</it>.</p