L'embargo Mishima : Une traduction relayée et ses paradoxes

Le présent mémoire porte autour de la requête testamentaire de l’auteur japonais Yukio Mishima, qui a exigé que son œuvre maîtresse, La mer de la fertilité, soit uniquement traduite à partir de la traduction anglaise, l’obligeant par le fait même à passer par le processus de la traduction dite « relais ». Ce cas d’immixtion de l’auteur sur la traduction de son œuvre est l’occasion d’amorcer une réflexion sur la pratique de la traduction-relais dont le bagage théorique demeure relativement mince. Ainsi, par la mise en place d’une terminologie de cette pratique, d’une description ainsi que d’une analyse d’autres exemples de traduction-relais ou indirecte dans l’histoire, ce mémoire cherche à présenter ce phénomène sous un angle nouveau, détaché de certains tabous et préjugés qui lui sont généralement rattachés. C’est en grande partie en se basant sur l’exemple de « l’embargo Mishima » que ce mémoire permet, de par les différents exemples de traductions indirectes auxquels il fait référence, de mettre en perspective cette pratique

Energy requirement for fine grinding of torrefied wood

International audienceThe purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of torrefaction on wood grinding energy. Wood chips were torrefied at different temperatures and durations. The energy required to obtain fine powder was measured. Particle size analyses were carried out on each powder sample. It is showed that torrefaction decreases both grinding energy and particle size distribution. A criterion to compare grindability of natural and torrefied wood is proposed. It takes into account both grinding energy and particle size distribution. It accounts the energy required for grinding particles to sizes inferior to 200 μm, for given grinding conditions. Torrefaction is characterised by the anhydrous weight loss (AWL) of wood. For AWL inferior to around 8%, grinding energy decreases fast. Over 8%, grinding energy decreases at a slow rate. Particle size distribution decreases linearly as the AWL increases. Both for spruce and beech, the grinding criterion is decreased of 93% when the AWL is around 28%

Molecular Identification of Broomrape Species from a Single Seed by High Resolution Melting Analysis

Broomrapes are holoparasitic plants spreading through seeds. Each plant produces hundreds of thousands of seeds which remain viable in the soils for decades. To limit their spread, drastic measures are being taken and the contamination of a commercial seed lot by a single broomrape seed can lead to its rejection. Considering that broomrapes species identification from a single seed is extremely difficult even for trained botanists and that among all the described species, only a few are really noxious for the crops, numerous seed lots are rejected because of the contamination by seeds of non-noxious broomrape species. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a High Resolution Melting assay identifying the eight most noxious and common broomrape species (P. aegyptiaca, O. cernua, O. crenata, O. cumana, O. foetida, O. hederae, O. minor, and P. ramosa) from a single seed. Based on trnL and rbcL plastidial genes amplification, the designed assay successfully identifies O. cumana, O. cernua, O. crenata, O. minor, O. hederae, and O. foetida; P. ramosa and P. aegyptiaca can be differentiated from other species but not from each other. Tested on 50 seed lots, obtained results perfectly matched identifications performed by sequencing. Through the analysis of common seed lots by different analysts, the reproducibility of the assay was evaluated at 90 %. Despite an original sample preparation process it was not possible to extract enough DNA from some seeds (10% of the samples). The described assay fulfils its objectives and allows an accurate identification of the targeted broomrape species. It can be used to identify contaminants in commercial seed lots or for any other purpose. The assay might be extended to vegetative material

Modelling anhydrous weight loss of wood chips during torrefaction in a pilot kiln

International audienceBeech and spruce chips were torrefied in a batch rotating pilot kiln. For each torrefaction the temperature curve of the moving chips bed was recorded. The anhydrous weight loss (AWL) of each torrefaction was measured. Effect of torrefaction temperature and duration on the AWL was studied. In order to optimise short time torrefaction, models that can estimate the AWL from the chips temperature curve are required. Three phenomenological models were successfully applied. They all gave good correlations between experimental and calculated AWL. These three models can be employed to optimise industrial torrefaction. However, the more complex they are, the more difficult it is to understand their physical meaning. It is thus preferable to use simple model for the industrial control of torrefaction

Effect of torrefaction on grinding energy requirement for thin wood particle production

National audienceThe second generation biofuels exploits the lignocellulosic materials. The main advantage is to not compete with food chain. In the case of thermochemical means (gasification in an entrained flow reactor followed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis), a grinding step is necessary to inject particles into the burner. The targeted particle size is about 200µm to reach a total conversion and to improve gas quality. Due to the plastic behaviour of the biomass, this step is strongly energy-consuming. Biomass torrefaction (thermal treatment lower than 300°C) is a way to decrease the grinding energy and to standardize materials (composition and moisture). Contrary to natural wood, torrefied wood has a brittle behaviour and a less mechanical strength. The aim of this study is to investigate the interest of torrefaction on wood grinding energy diminution. The torrefactions were carried out on beech and spruce, in an airtight rotating batch kiln under nitrogen. The effect of torrefaction temperature (160-300°C) and duration (5-60min), on weight loss, grinding energy and powder particles size were examined. The grinding energy was calculated by integration of the electric power of the grinder, which was measured by the means of a wattmeter. A grindability criterion, which took into account both grinding energy (E) and the volume fraction (X) of particles lower than the targeted size (200µm), was defined. Results showed a strong interest of torrefaction on the decrease in energy required for fine wood particle grinding. The grindability criterion could be reduced by 93% for treatments beyond 260°C. However, the global energy balance becomes less favourable. It is necessary to reach a compromise between the consumed energy by torrefaction and the decrease in grinding energy. According to the wood species, an optimum could be established around 10% of weight loss and around 85% of the grindability criterion diminution

A detailed source model for the M_w9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake reconciling geodesy, seismology, and tsunami records

The 11 March 2011 M_w9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake was recorded by an exceptionally large amount of diverse data offering a unique opportunity to investigate the details of this major megathrust rupture. Many studies have taken advantage of the very dense Japanese onland strong motion, broadband, and continuous GPS networks in this sense. But resolution tests and the variability in the proposed solutions have highlighted the difficulty to uniquely resolve the slip distribution from these networks, relatively distant from the source region, and with limited azimuthal coverage. In this context, we present a finite fault slip joint inversion including an extended amount of complementary data (teleseismic, strong motion, high-rate GPS, static GPS, seafloor geodesy, and tsunami records) in an attempt to reconcile them into a single better resolved model. The inversion reveals a patchy slip distribution with large slip (up to 64 m) mostly located updip of the hypocenter and near the trench. We observe that most slip is imaged in a region where almost no earthquake was recorded before the main shock and around which intense interplate seismicity is observed afterward. At a smaller scale, the largest slip pattern is imaged just updip of an important normal fault coseismically activated. This normal fault has been shown to be the mark of very low dynamic friction allowing extremely large slip to propagate up to the free surface. The spatial relationship between this normal fault and our slip distribution strengthens its key role in the rupture process of the Tohoku-Oki earthquake

Traffic Instabilities in Self-Organized Pedestrian Crowds

In human crowds as well as in many animal societies, local interactions among individuals often give rise to self-organized collective organizations that offer functional benefits to the group. For instance, flows of pedestrians moving in opposite directions spontaneously segregate into lanes of uniform walking directions. This phenomenon is often referred to as a smart collective pattern, as it increases the traffic efficiency with no need of external control. However, the functional benefits of this emergent organization have never been experimentally measured, and the underlying behavioral mechanisms are poorly understood. In this work, we have studied this phenomenon under controlled laboratory conditions. We found that the traffic segregation exhibits structural instabilities characterized by the alternation of organized and disorganized states, where the lifetime of well-organized clusters of pedestrians follow a stretched exponential relaxation process. Further analysis show that the inter-pedestrian variability of comfortable walking speeds is a key variable at the origin of the observed traffic perturbations. We show that the collective benefit of the emerging pattern is maximized when all pedestrians walk at the average speed of the group. In practice, however, local interactions between slow- and fast-walking pedestrians trigger global breakdowns of organization, which reduce the collective and the individual payoff provided by the traffic segregation. This work is a step ahead toward the understanding of traffic self-organization in crowds, which turns out to be modulated by complex behavioral mechanisms that do not always maximize the group's benefits. The quantitative understanding of crowd behaviors opens the way for designing bottom-up management strategies bound to promote the emergence of efficient collective behaviors in crowds.Comment: Article published in PLoS Computational biology. Freely available here: http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.100244

Regulation of conditional gene expression by coupled transcription repression and RNA degradation

Gene expression is determined by a combination of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory events that were thought to occur independently. This report demonstrates that the genes associated with the Snf3p–Rgt2p glucose-sensing pathway are regulated by interconnected transcription repression and RNA degradation. Deletion of the dsRNA-specific ribonuclease III Rnt1p increased the expression of Snf3p–Rgt2p-associated transcription factors in vivo and the recombinant enzyme degraded their messenger RNA in vitro. Surprisingly, Rnt1ps effect on gene expression in vivo was both RNA and promoter dependent, thus linking RNA degradation to transcription. Strikingly, deletion of RNT1-induced promoter-specific transcription of the glucose sensing genes even in the absence of RNA cleavage signals. Together, the results presented here support a model in which co-transcriptional RNA degradation increases the efficiency of gene repression, thereby allowing an effective cellular response to the continuous changes in nutrient concentrations