Optimization of cellulose phosphate synthesis from oil palmlignocellulosics using wavelet neural networks

Cellulose phosphate was synthesized from microcrystalline cellulose derived from oil palm lignocellu-losics via the H3PO4/P2O5/Et3PO4/hexanol method. The influence of process variables (viz. temperature,reaction time, and the H3PO4/Et3PO4ratio) on the properties of the resulting cellulose phosphate wasinvestigated using a wavelet neural network model with the goals of ascertaining which factors werecritical and of determining optimized reaction parameters for this synthesis. The experimental resultscorroborated the good fit of the wavelet neural network model. The prediction errors were quite small(less than 7%), and the regression values (R2greater than 0.99) were also satisfactory

Penghasilan selulosa fosfat daripada tandan buah kelapa sawit kosong (OPEFB) dan pengoptimuman proses dengan menggunakan Kaedah sambutan permukaan (RSM).

Selulosa fosfat adalah salah satu biopolimer baru yang mempunyai potensi yang sangat besar sebagai biobahan. Secara kebiasaannya kayu digunakan sebagai bahan mentah selulosa, walau bagaimanapun selulosa juga boleh didapati dalam kuantiti yang besar daripada tumbuhan bukan kayu. Cellulose phosphate is one of the new emerging biopolymers with tremendous potentials as biomaterials. Typical cellulosic raw materials used for derivatization are wood; nevertheless cellulose is also available in huge quantities from other non-woody plants, one such alternative promissory source being the oil palm empty fruit bunches fibers (OPEFB), a by-product of the oil palm industry

Isolation And Characterization Tempo Oxidized Nanocrystalline Cellulose From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Selulosa nanokristal daripada tandan buah kelapas sawit kosong (OPEFB-NCC) telah berjaya diasingkan, dengan hasil sebanyak 67% daripada OPEFB-MCC, melalui proses kimia dan mekanikal menggunakan pengoksidaan 4-acetamido-TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO dengan bantuan ultrasonik. Imej-imej TEM menunjukkan morfologi bagi OPEFB-NCC-MCC adalah kristal selulosa yang lurus dengan panjang 122 ± 45 nm, dan lebar seragam 4 ± 2 nm. Analisis FTIR dan 13C-NMR/MAS keadaan pepejal mencadangkan pengoksidaan berlaku di kumpulan hidroksil primer (C6) rantai selulosa dan OPEFB-NCC yang terhasil kebanyakannya terdiri daripada selulosa kristal jenis I. XRD dan 13C-NMR/MAS menunjukkan bahawa NCC mempunyai indeks kristal yang lebih rendah barbanding bahan permulaan. Analisis terma menunjukkan OPEFB-NCC terurai pada suhu rendah berbanding OPEFB-MCC, tetapi menghasilkan kadar arang yang tinggi iaitu 46% berbanding 7% bagi OPEFB-MCC. Oil palm empty fruit bunch nanocrystalline cellulose (OPEFB-NCC) has been successfully isolated, with yields of 67%, from OPEFB-MCC via a chemical and mechanical process using 4-acetamido-TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO oxidation and ultrasonic treatment. TEM images indicate the morphology of OPEFB-NCC as straight crystals of cellulose with lengths 122 ± 45 nm, and uniform widths of 4 ± 2 nm. FTIR and 13C-NMR/MAS solid state analysis suggests that oxidation occurred at the site of the primary (C6) hydroxyl groups on the cellulose chain and that OPEFB-NCC consists primarily of crystalline cellulose I. XRD and 13C-NMR/MAS indicated that OPEFB-NCC had a lower crystallinity index than the OPEFB-MCC starting material. Thermal analysis revealed that OPEFB-NCC degraded at lower temperature than OPEFB-MCC, but had a much higher char content of 46% to the 7% of OPEFB-MCC