Relación entre diseño instruccional y rendimiento académico en un curso presencial y bimodal de Matemática: Un estudio cuasiexperimental

La finalidad de esta investigación consistió en analizar la relación del diseño instruccional (DI) de un curso de Cálculo y Álgebra Lineal (CAL) en modalidad presencial y bimodal con el rendimiento académico del estudiantado. El diseño del estudio fue cuasiexperimental y se ejecutó en dos fases, una de planificación y otra de intervención, en una muestra de 64 estudiantes del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Los datos de las variables del diseño instruccional: objetivos, contenidos curriculares, actividades aprendizaje, materiales educativos y estrategias de evaluación fueron recolectados en el 2013 con una escala tipo Likert mediante la técnica de la encuesta autoadministrada. Según los resultados de la t de student y de regresión lineal múltiple, se comprobó que existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la percepción del estudiantado sobre el diseño instruccional y su rendimiento académico. Con estos hallazgos se evidencia que una adecuada planificación del curso contribuye positivamente con el desempeño académico del estudiantado, sea en una modalidad presencial o bimodal. Por ello la principal recomendación es incentivar a los docentes a usar el diseño instruccional en la organización de un curso y valorar como una alternativa la opción bimodal por su flexibilidad de horarios, sobre todo al comprobar que el tipo de modalidad no es un factor significativo en el rendimiento en Matemática

Personal protective equipment: Analysis of supply among midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru

Objective: To report the details of provision of personal protective equipment to midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru Methods: This is a non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional study. An online survey of 679 midwives working at public healthcare centres was conducted via questionnaires. The following aspects were outlined: method of supply and frequency of delivery of personal protective equipment, type of personal protective equipment provided by the institution, and self-purchase. Furthermore, features of the midwives’ workplace were described. For statistical analysis, absolute frequencies and relative proportions were used for categorical variables, and mean and standard deviation were used for numerical variables. Measurements and findings: The most important finding of this study is that a large proportion of midwives (66.6%) did not receive new personal protective equipment for each shift; 41.9% of midwives who received personal protective equipment during each shift exclusively provided services in the COVID-19 ward, whereas 27.6% did not. The least received supplies were of N95 respirator masks (41.7%) and disposable isolation suit gown (50.5%). Only a certain proportion of midwives (38.6%) were trained by their own institutions on the use of personal protective equipment. Key conclusions: The provision of personal protective equipment to midwives and training on personal protective equipment were insufficient at all workplaces. Therefore, measures must be taken to increase the supply of this material to midwives who are essential workers in reproductive health

Effect of Penetration Enhancers and Safety on the Transdermal Delivery of Apremilast in Skin

The poor water solubility of apremilast (APR) is the main impediment to the penetration of the drug through the skin barrier. The objective of this study was to evaluate the permeability of APR in different solutions enriched with penetration promoters in ex vivo samples of human skin, and additionally assess its tolerance in vivo. To this end, APR solutions with 5% promoter were developed, and the drug's ability to penetrate human abdominal skin samples was evaluated; the coefficients of permeability, cumulated amounts permeated, and flow were some of the parameters evaluated; likewise, the in vitro and in vivo tolerance of the solutions was evaluated. The results obtained showed that the solutions containing squalene as a promoter improved the penetration of APR compared to the other promoters evaluated; in the same way, on an in vitro scale in HaCaT cells, the promoters were not toxic, finding a cell viability greater than 80% at the different dilutions evaluated. In the in vivo tests carried out with the solution that presented the best results (APRSqualene solution), it was observed that it does not cause irritation or erythema on the skin after its colorimetric and histological evaluation of the dorsal region of rats after its application. Squalene becomes an excellent candidate to improve the permeability of the drug in the case of the development of a topical formulation; in addition, it was confirmed that this penetration enhancer is neither toxic nor irritating when in contact with the skin in in vivo tests

Apremilast Microemulsion as Topical Therapy for Local Inflammation: Design, Characterization and Efficacy Evaluation

Apremilast (APR) is a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor administered orally in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and active psoriatic arthritis. The low solubility and permeability of this drug hinder its dermal administration. The purpose of this study was to design and characterize an apremilast-loaded microemulsion (APR-ME) as topical therapy for local skin inflammation. Its composition was determined using pseudo-ternary diagrams. Physical, chemical and biopharmaceutical characterization were performed. Stability of this formulation was studied during 90 days. Tolerability of APR-ME was evaluated in healthy volunteers while its anti-inflammatory potential was studied using in vitro and in vivo models. A homogeneous formulation with Newtonian behavior and droplets of nanometric size and spherical shape was obtained. APR-ME released the incorporated drug following a first-order kinetic and facilitated drug retention into the skin, ensuring a local effect. Anti-inflammatory potential was observed for its ability to decrease the production of IL-6 and IL-8 in the in vitro model. This effect was confirmed in the in vivo model histologically by reduction in infiltration of inflammatory cells and immunologically by decrease of inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-17A and TNFα. Consequently, these results suggest that this formulation could be used as an attractive topical treatment for skin inflammation

El impacto de la pandemia del COVID-19 en la educación médica: adaptabilidad y experiencia con enseñanza a distancia de la Sociedad Médica Peruano Americana

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on medical care and medical education in Peru.  In response, the Peruvian American Medical Society (PAMS), a charitable medical organization based in the USA, pursued its medical and educational missions in Peru by adopting virtual learning technology. We developed closer collaborative relationships with several medical schools and the Peruvian Association of Medical Schools (ASPEFAM) while offering a faculty panel of twenty-four members to provide lectures and multidisciplinary webinars in Spanish. We conducted 19 webinars including COVID -19 and non-COVID-19 related topics that over the last two years attracted 14,489 participants from 23 countries. They were the foundation for twenty publications in Peruvian medical journals. Our clinical investigations competition was positively received as was our pilot project on research mentorship. The COVID -19 pandemic had a positive effect on the educational mission of PAMS in Peru.La pandemia del COVID-19 tuvo un impacto significativo en el cuidado y la educación médicos en el Perú. En respuesta, la Sociedad Médica Peruano Americana (PAMS), una organización médica benéfica con sede en los EE. UU., adoptó sus misiones médicas y educativas en Perú usando estrategias virtuales. Desarrollamos colaboración con varias facultades de medicina y la Asociación Peruana de Facultades de Medicina (ASPEFAM) y ofrecimos un panel de veinte y cuatro miembros para brindar conferencias y seminarios multidisciplinarios en español. Hicimos 19 seminarios, incluyendo temas relacionados y no relacionados al COVID-19, que en los últimos dos años atrajo a 14 489 participantes de 23 países. Ellas fueron la base de 20 publicaciones en revistas médicas peruanas. Nuestro concurso de investigaciones clínicas y nuestro proyecto piloto de mentoría de investigación fueron recibidos positivamente. La pandemia del COVID-19 tuvo un efecto positivo en la misión educativa de PAMS en Perú

Opinião dos estudantes da UNED, Costa Rica sobre as mudanças acadêmicas geradas em resposta à emergência pela COVID-19

Due to the health emergency caused by COVID-19 in 2020, changes occurred in the different social areas, these being very significant in the educational context. In the case of the Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica [UNED] (State Distance University of Costa Rica), contingency measures were taken from the administrative and academic aspects to ensure the continuity of the educational processes of the different majors and programs. This article offers the most relevant findings of a study the main object of which was to know the opinion of the UNED students on those academic changes implemented during the first four months of 2020 as a result of the health emergency caused by COVID-19. A descriptive study was developed based on an online survey that included a sample of 443 students from this institution. In general terms, the population participating in the study does not present problems with regard to the possession of mobile devices and internet access. They used social networks as the main means to find out about the actions taken by the University. Similarly, the induction and support received from institutional officials to fulfill their academic tasks was valued positively. The contingency actions implemented to ensure the continuity of the student’s learning process during the emergency were positively perceived. The fact of having support from the beginning was highlighted, not only by the corresponding instance, but also with support and information from other agencies, which leads to the conclusion that the changes implemented as a result of the situation had results that tended to be positive for the participating student population.Debido a la emergencia sanitaria por causa de la COVID-19 en 2020, se produjeron cambios en los distintos ámbitos sociales, y en el contexto educativo fueron muy significativos; en el caso de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica (UNED) se tomaron medidas de contingencia desde lo administrativo y académico para asegurar la continuidad a los procesos educativos de las diferentes carreras y programas. En este artículo se ofrecen los hallazgos más relevantes de un estudio que tuvo como objetivo principal conocer la opinión del estudiantado de la UNED sobre esos cambios académicos implementados durante el primer cuatrimestre del año 2020 a raíz de la emergencia sanitaria suscitada por la COVID-19. Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo basado en encuesta en línea que incluyó una muestra de 443 personas estudiantes de esta institución. En términos generales, la población participante en el estudio no presenta problemas con respecto a la tenencia de dispositivos móviles y acceso a internet. Utilizaron las redes sociales como los principales medios para informarse sobre las acciones tomadas por la Universidad. De igual manera, la inducción y apoyo recibidos por parte de las personas funcionarias institucionales para cumplir sus tareas académicas fueron valorados de manera positiva. Las acciones de contingencia implementadas para asegurar la continuidad del proceso de aprendizaje del estudiantado durante la emergencia fueron percibidas positivamente; se destacó el hecho de contar con acompañamiento desde el principio, no solo por la instancia correspondiente, sino también con soporte e información por parte de otras dependencias, lo que lleva a concluir que los cambios implementados a raíz de la situación tuvieron resultados que tendieron a ser positivos para la población estudiantil participante.Devido à emergência sanitária por causa da COVID-19 em 200, foram produzidas mudanças nos diferentes âmbitos sociais, sendo estas muito significativas no contexto educacional; no caso da Universidad Estatal a Distancia da Costa Rica (UNED), foram adotadas medidas de contingencia nas áreas administrativase acadêmicas para garantir a continuidade dos processos educacionais das diferentes carreiras e programas. O artigo oferece os resultados mais relevantes de um estudo cujo objetivo principal era conhecer a opinião dos estudantes da UNED sobre essas mudanças acadêmicas implementadas durante o primeiro quadrimestre do ano 2020 devido a emergência sanitária causada pela COVID-19. Foi desenvolvido um estudo descritivo baseado em uma pesquisa on-line que incluiu uma amostra de 443 estudantes desta instituição. Em termos gerais, a população que participou do estudo não apresentou problemas com respeito à propriedade de dispositivos móveis e acesso à Internet. As redes sociais foram utilizadas como meio principal para se informar sobre as ações adotadas pela Universidade. Também, a indução e apoio recebidos pelos funcionários da instituição para cumprir com suas tarefas acadêmicas foi avaliado positivamente. As ações de contingência implementadas para garantir a continuidade do processo de aprendizagem dos estudantes durante a emergência foram percebidas de forma positiva; destacou-se o fato de contar com acompanhamento desde o início não só da instancia correspondente, mas também com suporte e informações por parte de outros departamentos o que permite concluir que as mudanças implementadas em virtude da situação tiveram resultados que tenderam a ser positivos para a população estudantil participante

Opinião dos estudantes da UNED, Costa Rica sobre as mudanças acadêmicas geradas em resposta à emergência pela COVID-19

Due to the health emergency caused by COVID-19 in 2020, changes occurred in the different social areas, these being very significant in the educational context. In the case of the Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica [UNED] (State Distance University of Costa Rica), contingency measures were taken from the administrative and academic aspects to ensure the continuity of the educational processes of the different majors and programs. This article offers the most relevant findings of a study the main object of which was to know the opinion of the UNED students on those academic changes implemented during the first four months of 2020 as a result of the health emergency caused by COVID-19. A descriptive study was developed based on an online survey that included a sample of 443 students from this institution. In general terms, the population participating in the study does not present problems with regard to the possession of mobile devices and internet access. They used social networks as the main means to find out about the actions taken by the University. Similarly, the induction and support received from institutional officials to fulfill their academic tasks was valued positively. The contingency actions implemented to ensure the continuity of the student’s learning process during the emergency were positively perceived. The fact of having support from the beginning was highlighted, not only by the corresponding instance, but also with support and information from other agencies, which leads to the conclusion that the changes implemented as a result of the situation had results that tended to be positive for the participating student population.Debido a la emergencia sanitaria por causa de la COVID-19 en 2020, se produjeron cambios en los distintos ámbitos sociales, y en el contexto educativo fueron muy significativos; en el caso de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica (UNED) se tomaron medidas de contingencia desde lo administrativo y académico para asegurar la continuidad a los procesos educativos de las diferentes carreras y programas. En este artículo se ofrecen los hallazgos más relevantes de un estudio que tuvo como objetivo principal conocer la opinión del estudiantado de la UNED sobre esos cambios académicos implementados durante el primer cuatrimestre del año 2020 a raíz de la emergencia sanitaria suscitada por la COVID-19. Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo basado en encuesta en línea que incluyó una muestra de 443 personas estudiantes de esta institución. En términos generales, la población participante en el estudio no presenta problemas con respecto a la tenencia de dispositivos móviles y acceso a internet. Utilizaron las redes sociales como los principales medios para informarse sobre las acciones tomadas por la Universidad. De igual manera, la inducción y apoyo recibidos por parte de las personas funcionarias institucionales para cumplir sus tareas académicas fueron valorados de manera positiva. Las acciones de contingencia implementadas para asegurar la continuidad del proceso de aprendizaje del estudiantado durante la emergencia fueron percibidas positivamente; se destacó el hecho de contar con acompañamiento desde el principio, no solo por la instancia correspondiente, sino también con soporte e información por parte de otras dependencias, lo que lleva a concluir que los cambios implementados a raíz de la situación tuvieron resultados que tendieron a ser positivos para la población estudiantil participante.Devido à emergência sanitária por causa da COVID-19 em 200, foram produzidas mudanças nos diferentes âmbitos sociais, sendo estas muito significativas no contexto educacional; no caso da Universidad Estatal a Distancia da Costa Rica (UNED), foram adotadas medidas de contingencia nas áreas administrativase acadêmicas para garantir a continuidade dos processos educacionais das diferentes carreiras e programas. O artigo oferece os resultados mais relevantes de um estudo cujo objetivo principal era conhecer a opinião dos estudantes da UNED sobre essas mudanças acadêmicas implementadas durante o primeiro quadrimestre do ano 2020 devido a emergência sanitária causada pela COVID-19. Foi desenvolvido um estudo descritivo baseado em uma pesquisa on-line que incluiu uma amostra de 443 estudantes desta instituição. Em termos gerais, a população que participou do estudo não apresentou problemas com respeito à propriedade de dispositivos móveis e acesso à Internet. As redes sociais foram utilizadas como meio principal para se informar sobre as ações adotadas pela Universidade. Também, a indução e apoio recebidos pelos funcionários da instituição para cumprir com suas tarefas acadêmicas foi avaliado positivamente. As ações de contingência implementadas para garantir a continuidade do processo de aprendizagem dos estudantes durante a emergência foram percebidas de forma positiva; destacou-se o fato de contar com acompanhamento desde o início não só da instancia correspondente, mas também com suporte e informações por parte de outros departamentos o que permite concluir que as mudanças implementadas em virtude da situação tiveram resultados que tenderam a ser positivos para a população estudantil participante

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

VIII Encuentro de Docentes e Investigadores en Historia del Diseño, la Arquitectura y la Ciudad

Acta de congresoLa conmemoración de los cien años de la Reforma Universitaria de 1918 se presentó como una ocasión propicia para debatir el rol de la historia, la teoría y la crítica en la formación y en la práctica profesional de diseñadores, arquitectos y urbanistas. En ese marco el VIII Encuentro de Docentes e Investigadores en Historia del Diseño, la Arquitectura y la Ciudad constituyó un espacio de intercambio y reflexión cuya realización ha sido posible gracias a la colaboración entre Facultades de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño de la Universidad Nacional y la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Católica de Córdoba, contando además con la activa participación de mayoría de las Facultades, Centros e Institutos de Historia de la Arquitectura del país y la región. Orientado en su convocatoria tanto a docentes como a estudiantes de Arquitectura y Diseño Industrial de todos los niveles de la FAUD-UNC promovió el debate de ideas a partir de experiencias concretas en instancias tales como mesas temáticas de carácter interdisciplinario, que adoptaron la modalidad de presentación de ponencias, entre otras actividades. En el ámbito de VIII Encuentro, desarrollado en la sede Ciudad Universitaria de Córdoba, se desplegaron numerosas posiciones sobre la enseñanza, la investigación y la formación en historia, teoría y crítica del diseño, la arquitectura y la ciudad; sumándose el aporte realizado a través de sus respectivas conferencias de Ana Clarisa Agüero, Bibiana Cicutti, Fernando Aliata y Alberto Petrina. El conjunto de ponencias que se publican en este Repositorio de la UNC son el resultado de dos intensas jornadas de exposiciones, cuyos contenidos han posibilitado actualizar viejos dilemas y promover nuevos debates. El evento recibió el apoyo de las autoridades de la FAUD-UNC, en especial de la Secretaría de Investigación y de la Biblioteca de nuestra casa, como así también de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la UCC; va para todos ellos un especial agradecimiento