Tatuagem lombar e analgesia de trabalho de parto: um caso de abordagem cirúrgica

Introduction: Pregnant women with lumbar tattoo presenting for labour analgesia are currently increasing in number. Many anaesthesiologists are hesitant in placing an epidural catheter over a lumbar tattoo based on a theory that tissue coring of fragments of tattoo pigment into the epidural, subdural or subarachnoid space, could lead to epidermoid tumours or arachnoiditis. For these reasons, it has been recommended to avoid the introduction of epidural needle directly through skin with tattoo pigments. Case Report: We describe a case where the placement of the epidural catheter was made after a surgical incision of the skin to obtain a puncture field free from ink pigment. Conclusion: Surgical approach to epidural catheter placement reduces the risk of the pigment-entrainment phenomenon from the skin to the epidural space.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Evolutionary novelty in the apoptotic pathway of aphids

Apoptosis, a conserved form of programmed cell death, shows interspecies differences that may reflect evolutionary diversification and adaptation, a notion that remains largely untested. Among insects, the most speciose animal group, the apoptotic pathway has only been fully characterized in Drosophila melanogaster, and apoptosis-related proteins have been studied in a few other dipteran and lepidopteran species. Here, we studied the apoptotic pathway in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, an insect pest belonging to the Hemiptera, an earlier-diverging and distantly related order. We combined phylogenetic analyses and conserved domain identification to annotate the apoptotic pathway in A. pisum and found low caspase diversity and a large expansion of its inhibitory part, with 28 inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). We analyzed the spatiotemporal expression of a selected set of pea aphid IAPs and showed that they are differentially expressed in different life stages and tissues, suggesting functional diversification. Five IAPs are specifically induced in bacteriocytes, the specialized cells housing symbiotic bacteria, during their cell death. We demonstrated the antiapoptotic role of these five IAPs using heterologous expression in a tractable in vivo model, the Drosophila melanogaster developing eye. Interestingly, IAPs with the strongest antiapoptotic potential contain two BIR and two RING domains, a domain association that has not been observed in any other species. We finally analyzed all available aphid genomes and found that they all show large IAP expansion, with new combinations of protein domains, suggestive of evolutionarily novel aphidspecific functions

Bacteriocyte cell death in the pea aphid/ Buchnera symbiotic system

International audienceSymbiotic associations play a pivotal role in multicellular life by facilitating acquisition of new traits and expanding the ecological capabilities of organisms. In insects that are obligatorily dependent on intracellular bacterial symbionts, novel host cells (bacteriocytes) or organs (bacteriomes) have evolved for harboring beneficial microbial partners. The processes regulating the cellular life cycle of these endosymbiont-bearing cells, such as the cell-death mechanisms controlling their fate and elimination in response to host physiology, are fundamental questions in the biology of symbiosis. Here we report the discovery of a cell-death process involved in the degeneration of bacteriocytes in the hemipteran insect Acyrthosiphon pisum This process is activated progressively throughout aphid adulthood and exhibits morphological features distinct from known cell-death pathways. By combining electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and molecular analyses, we demonstrated that the initial event of bacteriocyte cell death is the cytoplasmic accumulation of nonautophagic vacuoles, followed by a sequence of cellular stress responses including the formation of autophagosomes in intervacuolar spaces, activation of reactive oxygen species, and Buchnera endosymbiont degradation by the lysosomal system. We showed that this multistep cell-death process originates from the endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle exhibiting a unique reticular network organization spread throughout the entire cytoplasm and surrounding Buchnera aphidicola endosymbionts. Our findings provide insights into the cellular and molecular processes that coordinate eukaryotic host and endosymbiont homeostasis and death in a symbiotic system and shed light on previously unknown aspects of bacteriocyte biological functioning

The Genome Sequence of the Grape Phylloxera Provides Insights into the Evolution, Adaptation, and Invasion Routes of an Iconic Pest

Background: Although native to North America, the invasion of the aphid-like grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae across the globe altered the course of grape cultivation. For the past 150 years, viticulture relied on grafting-resistant North American Vitis species as rootstocks, thereby limiting genetic stocks tolerant to other stressors such as pathogens and climate change. Limited understanding of the insect genetics resulted in successive outbreaks across the globe when rootstocks failed. Here we report the 294-Mb genome of D. vitifoliae as a basic tool to understand host plant manipulation, nutritional endosymbiosis, and enhance global viticulture. Results: Using a combination of genome, RNA, and population resequencing, we found grape phylloxera showed high duplication rates since its common ancestor with aphids, but similarity in most metabolic genes, despite lacking obligate nutritional symbioses and feeding from parenchyma. Similarly, no enrichment occurred in development genes in relation to viviparity. However, phylloxera evolved > 2700 unique genes that resemble putative effectors and are active during feeding. Population sequencing revealed the global invasion began from the upper Mississippi River in North America, spread to Europe and from there to the rest of the world. Conclusions: The grape phylloxera genome reveals genetic architecture relative to the evolution of nutritional endosymbiosis, viviparity, and herbivory. The extraordinary expansion in effector genes also suggests novel adaptations to plant feeding and how insects induce complex plant phenotypes, for instance galls. Finally, our understanding of the origin of this invasive species and its genome provide genetics resources to alleviate rootstock bottlenecks restricting the advancement of viticulture

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

A new type of cell death involved in bacteriocyte elimination in aphids : Molecular mechanisms and physiological regulations

Les associations symbiotiques sont un moteur majeur de la diversification écologique et évolutive des organismes métazoaires. Chez les insectes qui sont physiologiquement dépendant de bactéries symbiotiques intracellulaires, ces dernières sont hébergées dans un nouveau type cellulaire, les bactériocytes. Ces cellules constituent une énigme fascinante en biologie cellulaire et développementale, les mécanismes moléculaires gouvernant leur dynamique en réponse à la physiologie de l’hôte restant largement méconnue. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé la symbiose entre le puceron du pois (Acyrthosiphon pisum) et la bactérie Buchnera aphidicola comme système modèle pour l’étude de la mort cellulaire bactériocytaire. Nous avons montré que, à partir des phases de vie adultes, les bactériocytes sont éliminés par un processus très lent de mort cellulaire non apoptotique, qui commence par l'hypervacuolisation du réticulum endoplasmique et implique une cascade de réponses au stress cellulaire, dont l’activation des systèmes autophagique et lysosomale. Nous avons mis en relation cette mort cellulaire avec une importante expansion des gènes codant les protéines Inhibitrices de l’APoptose (IAP) chez le puceron du pois, avec 28 gènes, contre les quatre identifiés chez Drosophila melanogaster. Des analyses génomiques comparatives ont révélé que cette expansion est commune et spécifique aux groupes des pucerons, et est associée à l’émergence d’innovations structurales au sein des IAP. Nous avons confirmé le rôle anti-apoptotique de plusieurs de ces IAP dans des expériences d'expression hétérologues dans l'œil en développement de D. melanogaster. Nous avons également montré que l’expression des gènes correspondants est induite de manière spécifique durant la mort cellulaire bactériocytaire. Cela suggère qu’au moins une partie des IAP, dans le contexte de la symbiose, aurait acquis de nouvelles fonctions, avec un rôle spécifique chez les bactériocytes, où leur induction bloquerait l’apoptose et assurerait la permanence de ces cellules et de leurs symbiotes jusqu’aux phases sénescentes de la vie de l’insecte. En accord avec cette hypothèse, nous avons montré que l’inactivation de ces gènes par RNAi, chez le puceron du pois, entraînait l’apparition d’un phénotype bactériocytaire faisant penser à de l’apoptose. Enfin, une étude transcriptomique à haut débit, suivant les bactériocytes des stades nymphaux jusqu’à la sénescence des pucerons, nous a permis d’identifier de possibles inducteurs et/ou régulateurs de la mort cellulaire bactériocytaire parmi lesquels les gènes de la voie UPR, connue pour être activée en cas de stress du réticulum endoplasmique et capable d’induire l’expression des IAP.Symbiotic associations are a major driver of the ecological and evolutionary diversification of metazoan organisms. In insects that are physiologically dependent on intracellular symbiotic bacteria, the latter are housed in a new cell type, bacteriocytes. These cells constitute a fascinating enigma in cell and developmental biology, the molecular mechanisms governing their dynamics in response to host physiology remaining largely unknown. In this study, we used the symbiosis between the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and the bacterium Buchnera aphidicola as a model system for the study of bacteriocyte cell death. We have shown that, in adult aphids, bacteriocytes are eliminated by a very slow process of non-apoptotic cell death, which begins with a hypervacuolization of the endoplasmic reticulum and involves a cascade of cellular stress responses, including activation of the autophagic and lysosomal systems. We have linked this cell death with a significant expansion of the genes encoding the Inhibitor of APoptosis (IAP) proteins in the pea aphid, with 28 genes, against the four identified in Drosophila melanogaster. Comparative genomic analyzes have revealed that this expansion is common and specific of aphids, and is associated with the emergence of structural innovations within IAPs. We have confirmed the anti-apoptotic role of several of these IAPs in heterologous expression experiments in the developing eye of D. melanogaster. We have also shown that the expression of the corresponding genes is specifically induced during bacteriocyte cell death. This suggests that at least some of the IAPs, in the context of symbiosis, would have acquired new functions, with a specific role in bacteriocytes, where their induction could block apoptosis and ensure the permanence of these cells and their symbionts until the senescent phases of the insect's life. In agreement with this hypothesis, we have shown that the inactivation of these genes by RNAi, in the pea aphid, leads to the appearance of a phenotype reminiscent of apoptosis in bacteriocytes. Finally, a high-throughput transcriptomic study, following bacteriocytes from the nymphal stages to the senescence of aphids, allowed us to identify possible inducers and / or regulators of bacteriocyte cell death, including genes of the UPR pathway, known to be activated in the event of endoplasmic reticulum stress and capable of inducing the expression of IAPs

Monitoring of recreational and educational services provided by Mediterranean wetlands: synthesis for decision-makers and managers

The indicator on recreational and educational services of Mediterranean wetlands (RES-MW), developed by the MWO and the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Montpellier (IAMM) during the period 2011-2016, is intended to measure the human and social impacts that wetlands generate on the visitors to these ecosystems. The logic behind the indicator is that a natural capital (wetlands), when made accessible through a constructed capital (infrastructures and services provided by managers), generates an impact on human and social capitals (visitors). The study was carried out in 27 Mediterranean wetlands spread in 10 countries in different sub-regions. In each site, 150 visitors were interviewed, or 4050 persons in total, with 3717 validated questionnaires. The large majority of visitors interviewed (61%) were nationals of the countries involved in the study. The synthesis for decision-makers includes a series of recommendations to increase the positive impacts on visitors to wetland sites

Suivi des services récréatifs et éducatifs des zones humides Méditerranéennes : synthèse pour les décideurs et les gestionnaires

L’indicateur sur les services récréatifs et éducatifs des zones humides méditerranéennes (SRE-ZHM), développé par l’OZHM et l’Institut agronomique méditerranéen de Montpellier (IAMM) au cours de la période 2011-2016, vise à mesurer de manière comparable entre sites, les impacts humains et sociaux que procurent les zones humides auprès des visiteurs récréatifs et éducatifs de ces écosystèmes. La logique de l’indicateur est qu’un capital naturel (zones humides) rendu accessible par un capital construit (infrastructures et services d’accueil) génère un impact sur le capital humain et le capital social auprès des visiteurs. L’étude a été réalisée dans 27 zones humides méditerranéennes réparties sur 10 pays de différentes sous-régions. Pour chaque site, 150 visiteurs ont été interviewés, soit 4 050 personnes au total, avec 3 717 questionnaires retenus. La grande majorité des visiteurs interrogés (61%) étaient des ressortissants des pays impliqués dans l’étude. La synthèse destinée aux décideurs et aux gestionnaires de zones humides comprend aussi une série de recommandations visant à améliorer l’efficacité de l’impact auprès des visiteurs de ces zones

Genetic Diversity of the Apoptotic Pathway in Insects

International audienc