85 research outputs found

    Une mesure de l'effet de la délégation sur le prix de l'eau potable en France

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    Un peu plus de la moitié des communes françaises délÚgue actuellement la gestion du service de l'eau à des entreprises privées. L'incidence de ce choix du mode de gestion sur le coût du service et l'ampleur des différences observées entre modes de gestion privée ou publique sont des questions d'actualité. Une évaluation des effets sur le niveau des prix de la délégation des services de l'eau potable en France montre que les conditions d'exploitation de ces services permettent d'expliquer en grande partie l'écart de prix existant entre la moyenne des prix pratiqués par les délégataires privés et celle constatée pour les régies en 1998. Ces résultats confortent l'idée que les communes ont tendance à choisir la gestion privée si elles font face à des conditions d'exploitation difficiles.

    Imaging and multi-omics datasets converge to define different neural progenitor origins for ATRT-SHH subgroups

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    Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT) are divided into MYC, TYR and SHH subgroups, suggesting diverse lineages of origin. Here, we investigate the imaging of human ATRT at diagnosis and the precise anatomic origin of brain tumors in the Rosa26-CreERT2^{ERT2}::Smarcb1flox/flox^{flox/flox} model. This cross-species analysis points to an extra-cerebral origin for MYC tumors. Additionally, we clearly distinguish SHH ATRT emerging from the cerebellar anterior lobe (CAL) from those emerging from the basal ganglia (BG) and intra-ventricular (IV) regions. Molecular characteristics point to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary as the origin of CAL SHH ATRT, and to the ganglionic eminence as the origin of BG/IV SHH ATRT. Single-cell RNA sequencing on SHH ATRT supports these hypotheses. Trajectory analyses suggest that SMARCB1 loss induces a de-differentiation process mediated by repressors of the neuronal program such as REST, ID and the NOTCH pathway

    Open science resources for the discovery and analysis of Tara Oceans data

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    Le " Tara ExpĂ©ditions" organise des expĂ©ditions pour Ă©tudier et comprendre l'impact des changements climatiques sur nos ocĂ©ans.International audienceThe Tara Oceans expedition (2009–2013) sampled contrasting ecosystems of the world oceans, collecting environmental data and plankton, from viruses to metazoans, for later analysis using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. It surveyed 210 ecosystems in 20 biogeographic provinces, collecting over 35,000 samples of seawater and plankton. The interpretation of such an extensive collection of samples in their ecological context requires means to explore, assess and access raw and validated data sets. To address this challenge, the Tara Oceans Consortium offers open science resources, including the use of open access archives for nucleotides (ENA) and for environmental, biogeochemical, taxonomic and morphological data (PANGAEA), and the development of on line discovery tools and collaborative annotation tools for sequences and images. Here, we present an overview of Tara Oceans Data, and we provide detailed registries (data sets) of all campaigns (from port-to-port), stations and sampling events

    GPC3-Unc5 receptor complex structure and role in cell migration

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    Neural migration is a critical step during brain development that requires the interactions of cell-surface guidance receptors. Cancer cells often hijack these mechanisms to disseminate. Here, we reveal crystal structures of Uncoordinated-5 receptor D (Unc5D) in complex with morphogen receptor glypican-3 (GPC3), forming an octameric glycoprotein complex. In the complex, four Unc5D molecules pack into an antiparallel bundle, flanked by four GPC3 molecules. Central glycan-glycan interactions are formed by N-linked glycans emanating from GPC3 (N241 in human) and C-mannosylated tryptophans of the Unc5D thrombospondin-like domains. MD simulations, mass spectrometry and structure-based mutants validate the crystallographic data. Anti-GPC3 nanobodies enhance or weaken Unc5-GPC3 binding and, together with mutant proteins, show that Unc5/GPC3 guide migrating pyramidal neurons in the mouse cortex, and cancer cells in an embryonic xenograft neuroblastoma model. The results demonstrate a conserved structural mechanism of cell guidance, where finely balanced Unc5-GPC3 interactions regulate cell migration

    Controlled Chaos of Polymorphic Mucins in a Metazoan Parasite (Schistosoma mansoni) Interacting with Its Invertebrate Host (Biomphalaria glabrata)

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    Invertebrates were long thought to possess only a simple, effective and hence non-adaptive defence system against microbial and parasitic attacks. However, recent studies have shown that invertebrate immunity also relies on immune receptors that diversify (e.g. in echinoderms, insects and mollusks (Biomphalaria glabrata)). Apparently, individual or population-based polymorphism-generating mechanisms exists that permit the survival of invertebrate species exposed to parasites. Consequently, the generally accepted arms race hypothesis predicts that molecular diversity and polymorphism also exist in parasites of invertebrates. We investigated the diversity and polymorphism of parasite molecules (Schistosoma mansoni Polymorphic Mucins, SmPoMucs) that are key factors for the compatibility of schistosomes interacting with their host, the mollusc Biomphalaria glabrata. We have elucidated the complex cascade of mechanisms acting both at the genomic level and during expression that confer polymorphism to SmPoMuc. We show that SmPoMuc is coded by a multi-gene family whose members frequently recombine. We show that these genes are transcribed in an individual-specific manner, and that for each gene, multiple splice variants exist. Finally, we reveal the impact of this polymorphism on the SmPoMuc glycosylation status. Our data support the view that S. mansoni has evolved a complex hierarchical system that efficiently generates a high degree of polymorphism—a “controlled chaos”—based on a relatively low number of genes. This contrasts with protozoan parasites that generate antigenic variation from large sets of genes such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei and Plasmodium falciparum. Our data support the view that the interaction between parasites and their invertebrate hosts are far more complex than previously thought. While most studies in this matter have focused on invertebrate host diversification, we clearly show that diversifying mechanisms also exist on the parasite side of the interaction. Our findings shed new light on how and why invertebrate immunity develops

    Community-Level Responses to Iron Availability in Open Ocean Plankton Ecosystems

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    Predicting responses of plankton to variations in essential nutrients is hampered by limited in situ measurements, a poor understanding of community composition, and the lack of reference gene catalogs for key taxa. Iron is a key driver of plankton dynamics and, therefore, of global biogeochemical cycles and climate. To assess the impact of iron availability on plankton communities, we explored the comprehensive bio-oceanographic and bio-omics data sets from Tara Oceans in the context of the iron products from two state-of-the-art global scale biogeochemical models. We obtained novel information about adaptation and acclimation toward iron in a range of phytoplankton, including picocyanobacteria and diatoms, and identified whole subcommunities covarying with iron. Many of the observed global patterns were recapitulated in the Marquesas archipelago, where frequent plankton blooms are believed to be caused by natural iron fertilization, although they are not captured in large-scale biogeochemical models. This work provides a proof of concept that integrative analyses, spanning from genes to ecosystems and viruses to zooplankton, can disentangle the complexity of plankton communities and can lead to more accurate formulations of resource bioavailability in biogeochemical models, thus improving our understanding of plankton resilience in a changing environment

    Mise au point de mĂ©thodes analytiques pour quantifier l’amoxicilline dans le plasma humain, et dĂ©terminer les concentrations minimales d’éradication du biofilm et les concentrations de prĂ©vention de formation du biofilm

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    MĂ©moire de DiplĂŽme d'Etudes SpĂ©cialisĂ©es (DES) tenant lieu de thĂšse d'exercice.High doses (>4g/day) of amoxicillin for a long time period (>2 weeks) is currently indicated in the treatment of Bone and Joint Infections (BJI) and Infective Endocarditis (IE) caused by susceptible bacteria in order to be active on planktonic bacteria and biofilm. We performed an observational study in the University Hospital of Grenoble to determine if the plasma concentrations were active on planktonic bacteria and if they could eradicate or prevent the biofilm formation. Between July 2017 and February 2019, 20 patients for whom 22 amoxicillin susceptible bacteria were isolated, were included. LC-MS/MS amoxicillin dosage method was developed according to ISO 15189 standard. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimal Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) and Biofilm Prevention Concentration (BPC) were determined thanks to the “Calgary Biofilm Device”. Plasma concentrations measured were highly variable (2 semaines) est indiquĂ©e dans le traitement des Infections OstĂ©o-Articulaires (IOA) et des Endocardites Infectieuses (EI) causĂ©es par des bactĂ©ries sensibles dans le but d'ĂȘtre actif sur les bactĂ©ries planctoniques et sur le biofilm. Nous avons menĂ© une Ă©tude observationnelle au CHU de Grenoble afin d'Ă©valuer si les concentrations plasmatiques (Cres) en amoxicilline Ă©taient actives sur les bactĂ©ries planctoniques et/ou les bactĂ©ries en biofilm. Entre juillet 2017 et fĂ©vrier 2019, 20 patients, pour lesquels 22 bactĂ©ries sensibles Ă  l’amoxicilline ont Ă©tĂ© isolĂ©es, ont Ă©tĂ© inclus. La mĂ©thode de dosage d'amoxicilline par LC-MS/MS a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e selon la norme ISO 15189. Les Concentrations minimales inhibitrices (CMI), les Concentrations Minimales d'Eradication du Biofilm (CMEB) et les Concentrations de PrĂ©vention de formation du Biofilm (CPB) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es avec le « Calgary Biofilm Device ». Les Cres d’amoxicilline prĂ©sentent une grande variabilitĂ© interindividuelle (<5mg/L Ă  126,4 mg/L). Les CMEB montrent qu’en monothĂ©rapie, les Cres en amoxicilline ne peuvent pas Ă©radiquer un biofilm formĂ© par E. faecalis, contrairement Ă  celui formĂ© par C. acnes. Ces rĂ©sultats in vitro semblent pertinents car une guĂ©rison a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e pour 5/5 patients infectĂ©s par C. acnes alors que 2/5 patients infectĂ©s par E. faecalis ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©s en Ă©chec thĂ©rapeutique. Pour les Streptocoques, les rĂ©sultats sont variables en fonction des espĂšces. Six patients ont subi une chirurgie avant mise sous traitement, il semble donc intĂ©ressant de corrĂ©ler le devenir de ces patients avec la CPB (en cours de rĂ©alisation)

    Estimation de la demande domestique d'eau potable en France

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    Estimation of the residential water demand function in France Few works have been done on the estimation of the residential water demand in France. We propose to estimate the residential water demand function in two french departments which are relatively similar in terms of water resources endowments but differ concerning climatic conditions and socio-demographic characteristics. Socio-economic and meteorologic variables have thus been introduced, in addition to water consumption and price of water, in the demand function. Specific econometric panel data methods are employed in order to avoid biased coefficients. The results emphasised a statistically significant price-elasticity in the two departments, estimated at - 0.22 and - 0.08. The income elasticity is significant in one of the two departments, evaluated at 0.01.Peu de travaux ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©s pour connaĂźtre la demande en eau potable des mĂ©nages en France. Nous proposons d'estimer la fonction de demande domestique en eau potable dans deux dĂ©partements français qui sont relativement similaires du point de vue des ressources en eau mais qui diffĂšrent en termes de conditions climatiques et de caractĂ©ristiques socio-dĂ©mographiques. Des variables de type socio-Ă©conomiques et des donnĂ©es mĂ©tĂ©orologiques ont en consĂ©quence Ă©tĂ© introduites, outre les chiffres de consommation et de prix de l'eau, dans la fonction de demande. Les mĂ©thodes Ă©conomĂ©triques appliquĂ©es sont des mĂ©thodes spĂ©cifiques de traitement de donnĂ©es de panel, ce qui permet d'Ă©viter tout biais dans l'estimation des coefficients. L'estimation sĂ©parĂ©e des deux Ă©chantillons fait apparaĂźtre une Ă©lasticitĂ©-prix de la demande significative, estimĂ©e Ă  -0,08 et -0,22 dans les deux dĂ©partements. L'Ă©lasticitĂ© revenu n'est significative que dans un dĂ©partement, oĂč elle est estimĂ©e Ă  0,01.Nauges CĂ©line, Reynaud Arnaud. Estimation de la demande domestique d'eau potable en France. In: Revue Ă©conomique, volume 52, n°1, 2001. pp. 167-185

    SynthĂšse de ligands polypodaux pour la chimie du palladium

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    Le premier objectif de ce travail a été de synthétiser un ligand tétrapodal en version supportée analogue à Tédicyp. Nous avons alors entrepris plusieurs stratégies de synthÚse car celle calquée sur l'obtention de Tédicyp s'est révélée inapplicable. Au cours de ces synthÚses, nous avons pu obtenir divers ligands polypodaux (Cyclo-Tédicyp,...) dont le seul testé a montré un potentiel catalytique exceptionnel. Une stratégie de synthÚse donne accÚs à un ligand tétrapodal en version supportée. Le second objectif de ce travail a été la synthÚse d'un ligand analogue à Tédicyp mais présentant une chiralité. Deux stratégies de synthÚse ont été étudiées. La premiÚre, à partir de la (+)-pulégone, nous a permis d'isoler des produits surprenants lors de réactions d'ozonolyse et d'apporter ainsi une contribution à la compréhension de cette importante réaction. La seconde, à partir de la condensation de l'acétone et du cyclopentadiÚne, est particuliÚrement bien adaptée à la synthÚse d'un ligand chiral.AIX-MARSEILLE3-BU Sc.St JérÎ (130552102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Estimation de la demande domestique d'eau potable en France

    No full text
    [fre] Peu de travaux ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©s pour connaĂźtre la demande en eau potable des mĂ©nages en France. Nous proposons d'estimer la fonction de demande domestique en eau potable dans deux dĂ©partements français qui sont relativement similaires du point de vue des ressources en eau mais qui diffĂšrent en termes de conditions climatiques et de caractĂ©ristiques socio-dĂ©mographiques. Des variables de type socio-Ă©conomiques et des donnĂ©es mĂ©tĂ©orologiques ont en consĂ©quence Ă©tĂ© introduites, outre les chiffres de consommation et de prix de l'eau, dans la fonction de demande. Les mĂ©thodes Ă©conomĂ©triques appliquĂ©es sont des mĂ©thodes spĂ©cifiques de traitement de donnĂ©es de panel, ce qui permet d'Ă©viter tout biais dans l'estimation des coefficients. L'estimation sĂ©parĂ©e des deux Ă©chantillons fait apparaĂźtre une Ă©lasticitĂ©-prix de la demande significative, estimĂ©e Ă  -0,08 et -0,22 dans les deux dĂ©partements. L'Ă©lasticitĂ© revenu n'est significative que dans un dĂ©partement, oĂč elle est estimĂ©e Ă  0,01. [eng] Estimation of the residential water demand function in France. . Few works have been done on the estimation of the residential water demand in France. We propose to estimate the residential water demand function in two french departments which are relatively similar in terms of water resources endowments but differ concerning climatic conditions and socio-demographic characteristics. Socio-economic and meteorologic variables have thus been introduced, in addition to water consumption and price of water, in the demand function. Specific econometric panel data methods are employed in order to avoid biased coefficients. The results emphasised a statistically significant price-elasticity in the two departments, estimated at - 0.22 and - 0.08. The income elasticity is significant in one of the two departments, evaluated at 0.01.
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