Implicancias de las políticas de bienestar social en el sector educativo. Análisis de los programas Qali Warma y DESNNA en las instituciones educativas Nuevo Progreso y Juan Guerrero Quimper durante el año 2017, en el distrito Villa María del Triunfo

Analiza las formas aplicativas de las políticas de bienestar social en el sector educativo. En primera instancia y, basándose en un marco teórico y contextual que tiene como referencia al Estado, la educación y los factores de riesgo social (factores que condicionan la vida de la población educativa), se señala que la educación, como elemento de formación constante, no se limita a la cuestión instructiva, por lo contrario se ubica en cada una de las facetas de la vida del ser humano, quien es multidimensional y se encuentra situado en una constante de riesgos sociales que lo podrían colocar como población vulnerable. Más aún, si es un estudiante. En ese sentido las políticas sociales en el sector educativo toman fuerza para poder atender parte de esas diversas facetas. Se ha investigado, de esta forma, a Qali Warma y DESNNA, programas elaborados para atender el problema nutricional y la vulneración de derechos de los niños y adolescentes, respectivamente. Sin embargo, durante el proceso de investigación se han encontrado serias deficiencias, desde lo logístico y administrativo, hasta lo profesional y humano. Estas deficiencias (las cuales tienen rasgos comunes) son muestra del desinterés de la correcta aplicación de estos por parte de las fuerzas gubernamentales. En la presente, también se considera el rol que juega el trabajador social como sujeto interventivo y profesional especializado en estos temas.Tesi

Caracterización fenotípica y genotípica de cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii resistentes a los carbapenémicos, aisladas de muestras clínicas de pacientes internados en salas del Hospital Alemán Nicaragüense, enero 2017-febrero 2018

La resistencia a los antimicrobianos constituye una problemática debido a la creciente diseminación de mecanismos de resistencia que pone en peligro la capacidad para tratar enfermedades infecciosas comunes, comprometiendo la salud de los pacientes afectados. Los genes que codifican enzimas capaces de hidrolizar todos los β-lactámicos incluyendo los carbapenémicos, las «carbapenemasas», han venido a reducir aún más las opciones terapéuticas que quedan disponibles en el mercado. Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii, son bacilos Gram negativos no fermentadores que han obtenido gran notoriedad debido a la adquisición de estos genes, y que comúnmente se relacionan con “infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud” (IAAS), con altos índices de morbilidad y mortalidad.Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo de corte transversal en el Hospital Alemán Nicaragüense, la muestra estuvo comprendida por 32 cepas, de las cuales 16 corresponden a Pseudomonas aeruginosa y 16 a Acinetobacter baumannii resistentes a los carbapenémicos, aisladas de muestras clínicas de pacientes internados durante enero de 2017 a febrero de 2018; en el estudio se caracterizaron fenotípicamente 14 cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa y 7 cepas de Acinetobacter baumannii; y genotípicamente por PCR convencional a las 16 cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii respectivamente. En los resultados obtenidos para la parte fenotípica, se encontró un 71.4% de cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa con fenotipo para metalo-β-lactamasas, mientras que en A. baumannii, solo un 14.3 %; sin embargo, mediante la técnica de PCR convencional, se encontró la presencia de genes VIM y GIM en el 93.8% de las cepas de P. aeruginosa, aisladas con mayor frecuencia en secreciones bronquiales y hemocultivos, correspondiente al 26.7% en ambos casos; la sala mayormente afectada fue UCI-Pediátrica con un 40% de los aislamientos. En el caso de A. baumannii se encontró la presencia del gen New Delhi (NDM) en el 12.5% de las cepas, y los genes VIM y GIM en un 6.3%, de los cuales el 100% fueron aislados de hemocultivos; las salas de origen fueron UCI-Neonato, UCI-Adultos y Cirugía con un 33.3% respectivamente.Este es el primer estudio en reportar la presencia de estos géneros bacterianos productores de metalo β-lactamasas que incluye todas las salas del Hospital Alemán Nicaragüense; es importante la realización de más trabajos que permitan un seguimiento de la epidemiología de los genes de resistencia a los carbapenémicos, para contribuir con datos que den lugar al mejoramiento de la política para el control de resistencia antimicrobiana, reforzando las buenas prácticas de atención en salud y concientizando sobre el uso racional de los medicamentos

Associated Clinical and Laboratory Markers of Donor on Allograft Function After Heart Transplant

Abstract Introduction: Primary graft dysfunction is a major cause of mortality after heart transplantation. Objectiv

Acinetobacter baumannii, multiresistentes a los carbapenémicos a nivel hospitalario

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con el objetivo de caracterizar genéticamente Acinetobacter baumannii, productora de carbapenemasas, se estudiaron, 16 cepas resistentes a los carbapenémicos aisladas de pacientes internados en el hospital público Alemán nicaragüense. La identificación del género, especie y la prueba de susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos se llevó a cabo mediante el sistema VITEK2 compact. Se realizó el test de sinergia con ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (10µg o 0.1 uM), a partir de la escala 0.5 McFarland mediante Kirby Bauer. La caracterización genotípica, se realizaron PCR múltiplex para blaOXA23, blaOXA40, blaOXA51 y blaOXA58, igualmente para los genes clase B, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaGIM, blaSIM, blaSPM y se realizó un PCR para blaNDM. Como resultado del estudio se demostró la diversidad de genes, el 100% de las cepas portaron OXA51, 87.5% portaban genes OXA40, combinado con OXA51, el 13% presentaron una combinación de genes NDM con OXA51, el 6% de las cepas presentaron genes VIM, GIM en combinación OXA40 y OXA51, todas las cepas en estudio de A. baumannii, presentaron multiresistencia, pero el 100% fueron sensible a colistina. Se concluyó que la multiresistencia en A. baumannii a carbapenémicos se debe al blaOXA51, gen intrínseco de este microrganismo y a las combinaciones de genes VIM, GIM, NDM y OXA40, aumentando la capacidad hidrolítica a estos antibióticos, estos genes se comparten mediante plásmidos facilitando la transferencia vertical y horizontal

Birds of the Pantanal floodplains, Brazil: historical data, diversity, and conservation

The Pantanal floodplains of Brazil are a region of rich biodiversity. To date, the true richness of the Pantanal avifauna has not been explored satisfactorily caused by a lack of studies in the region and, especially, by the divergence of opinion among the works published by various authors on the many species found in the region. This is due to the lack of criteria in examining records, both with regard to the reliability of the identifications and in the precise geographical allocation. Therefore, in the study, we collage findings from various studies and records created by us in the last few decades from 199 distinct locations to produce a list of birds in the Pantanal floodplains. We grouped the results into three lists: primary, secondary, and tertiary. We found that the avifauna of the Pantanal floodplain is composed of a total of 617 species, of which 571 (92%) have supporting records of occurrence (primary list) and 46 still lack documentation (secondary list). The number of species listed here for the Pantanal floodplain represents 32% of all avifauna known to the Brazilian territory. This reflects the importance of the biome, as part of the national territory, for the maintenance of a meaningful avifaunistic richness. Migratory birds (n = 183), notably northern ones (n = 43), are among the main players involved in ecological processes of nutrient cycling and dispersion of important pathogens between the two continents. With regard to conservation, 25 species are included in some category of threat in the lists of threatened species with global extinction. We hope that our list will help future researchers a more definitive approach when researching the avian fauna in this bountiful region

An extensive reef system at the Amazon River mouth

Large rivers create major gaps in reef distribution along tropical shelves. The Amazon River represents 20% of the global riverine discharge to the ocean, generating up to a 1.3 x 10(6)-km(2) plume, and extensive muddy bottoms in the equatorial margin of South America. As a result, a wide area of the tropical North Atlantic is heavily affected in terms of salinity, pH, light penetration, and sedimentation. Such unfavorable conditions were thought to imprint a major gap in Western Atlantic reefs. We present an extensive carbonate system off the Amazon mouth, underneath the river plume. Significant carbonate sedimentation occurred during lowstand sea level, and still occurs in the outer shelf, resulting in complex hard-bottom topography. A permanent near-bottom wedge of ocean water, together with the seasonal nature of the plume's eastward retroflection, conditions the existence of this extensive (similar to 9500 km(2)) hard-bottom mosaic. The Amazon reefs transition from accretive to erosional structures and encompass extensive rhodolith beds. Carbonate structures function as a connectivity corridor for wide depth-ranging reef-associated species, being heavily colonized by large sponges and other structure-forming filter feeders that dwell under low light and high levels of particulates. The oxycline between the plume and subplume is associated with chemoautotrophic and anaerobic microbial metabolisms. The system described here provides several insights about the responses of tropical reefs to suboptimal and marginal reef-building conditions, which are accelerating worldwide due to global changes.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Coordenadoria de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERS)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)BrasoilMCTIBrazilian NavyU.S. NSFGordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF)Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro UFRJ, Inst Biol, BR-21941599 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, COPPE, Inst Alberto Luiz Coimbra Posgrad & Pesquisa Engn, Lab Sistemas Avancados Gestao Prod, BR-21941972 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilInst Pesquisas Jardim Bot Rio de Janeiro, BR-22460030 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Inst Oceanog, BR-05508120 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Espirito Santo, Dept Oceanog, BR-29199970 Vitoria, ES, BrazilUniv Estadual Norte Fluminense, Lab Ciencias Ambientais, Ctr Biociencias & Biotecnol, BR-28013602 Campos Dos Goytacazes, RJ, BrazilUniv Fed Fluminense, Inst Geociencias, BR-24210346 Niteroi, RJ, BrazilUniv Fed Fluminense, Inst Biol, BR-24210130 Niteroi, RJ, BrazilUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Museo Nacl, BR-20940040 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, BrazilFed Univ Para, Inst Estudos Costeiros, BR-68600000 Braganca, PA, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Ciencias Mar, BR-11070100 Santos, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Pernambuco, Dept Oceanog, BR-50670901 Recife, PE, BrazilUniv Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USAUniv Fed Paraiba, BR-58297000 Rio Tinto, PB, BrazilUniv Estadual Santa Cruz, Dept Ciencias Biol, BR-45650000 Ilheus, BA, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Ciencias Mar, BR-11070100 Santos, SP, BrazilU.S. NSF: OCE-0934095GBMF: 2293GBMF: 2928Web of Scienc

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (bodymass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher’s alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼40,000 and ∼53,000, i.e. at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼19,000–25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼4,500–6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa

Evenness mediates the global relationship between forest productivity and richness

1. Biodiversity is an important component of natural ecosystems, with higher species richness often correlating with an increase in ecosystem productivity. Yet, this relationship varies substantially across environments, typically becoming less pronounced at high levels of species richness. However, species richness alone cannot reflect all important properties of a community, including community evenness, which may mediate the relationship between biodiversity and productivity. If the evenness of a community correlates negatively with richness across forests globally, then a greater number of species may not always increase overall diversity and productivity of the system. Theoretical work and local empirical studies have shown that the effect of evenness on ecosystem functioning may be especially strong at high richness levels, yet the consistency of this remains untested at a global scale. 2. Here, we used a dataset of forests from across the globe, which includes composition, biomass accumulation and net primary productivity, to explore whether productivity correlates with community evenness and richness in a way that evenness appears to buffer the effect of richness. Specifically, we evaluated whether low levels of evenness in speciose communities correlate with the attenuation of the richness–productivity relationship. 3. We found that tree species richness and evenness are negatively correlated across forests globally, with highly speciose forests typically comprising a few dominant and many rare species. Furthermore, we found that the correlation between diversity and productivity changes with evenness: at low richness, uneven communities are more productive, while at high richness, even communities are more productive. 4. Synthesis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that evenness is an integral component of the relationship between biodiversity and productivity, and that the attenuating effect of richness on forest productivity might be partly explained by low evenness in speciose communities. Productivity generally increases with species richness, until reduced evenness limits the overall increases in community diversity. Our research suggests that evenness is a fundamental component of biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships, and is of critical importance for guiding conservation and sustainable ecosystem management decisions