Effect of intramuscular tramadol hydrochloride as a labor analgesic in primagravidae

Background: Labour pain is among the most severe pain experienced by women. The need for analgesia to overcome pain in labour is highly requested by women today. In developing nations where availability of facilities is the main limiting factor, intramuscular opioids can be considered.Methods: This study was conducted in teaching. 200 low risk primigravidae who fulfilled the selection criteria with full-term pregnancy with vertex presentation with good uterine contractions and already in active phase of labour were given 100 mg tramadol hydrochloride intramuscularly.Results: 200 primigravidae before giving the drug, no patient had grade-I or no pain, 19% had grade-III and 81% had grade-IV pain. After administration of tramadol hydrochloride IM there was reduction of pain from grade-III and grade IV by 52.49% and all of the patients continued with grade-II pain in 2nd stage and delivered normally and only 6 women had minimal side effects like nausea and vomiting.Conclusions: In low risk primigravidae, IM tramadol hydrochloride appears to be effective with minimal side effects. Hence, in developing nations, where availability of facilities is the main limiting factor, IM opioids can be considered as suitable alternatives

A study on effect of tramadol hydrochloride on both mother and newborn in using labor pain

Background: The analgesic efficacy of intramuscular opioids versus epidural analgesia in labor and concluded that the analgesic efficacy and maternal satisfaction is better with epidural analgesia than with opioids.  Hence in developing nations, where availability of facilities is the main limiting factor, intramuscular opioids can be considered suitable alternatives.Methods: A 200 primigravid women presenting with full term pregnancy at a tertiary care center constituted the study subjects.Results: Birth weights of babies’ shows maximum number (65%) of babies have birth weight of 2.5 to 2.9 Kg.  About 28.5% have birth weight between 3 to 3.4 Kg, 6.5% of babies’ have birth weight of 2-2.4 Kg.Conclusions: This Drug has no adverse effects in the mothers/ on to newborn

FPGA Implementation of NPSF Testing Using Block Code Technique

This paper presents a test structure for high speed memories. Built in self test (BIST) give the solution for testing memories and associate hardware for test pattern generation and application for a variety of test algorithms. Memory test algorithm for neighborhood pattern sensitive faults (NPSF) is developed by using block code technique to identify the base cell and deleted neighborhood cells. Test pattern generation can be done by using LFSR and Euler pattern generation. The testing process is verified using Xilinx ISE 14.2 and implemented on Nexys 4 DDR Artix 7 FPGA board

In planta transformation strategy to generate transgenic plants in chickpea: proof of concept with a cry gene

The paper presents a non-​tissue culture-​based transformation of chickpea using cry1AcF gene with 5'UTR. The protocol involves raising of plant transformants (T0 plants) directly from Agrobacterium-​infected young seedlings. The apical meristem of the seedling axes were targeted for transformation. The resulting chimeric plants were allowed to grow in the greenhouse and the transgenics were analyzed in the T1 generation. The T1 generation plants were raised in the greenhouse and initial screening was carried out in 109 plants using ELISA for the expression of the cry1AcF protein. On the basis of this, the plants were grouped as non-​transformants and transformants, expressing low and high level of the cry protein. The plants expressing the cry1AcF protein in the range of 2.06-​9.70 μg​/g fr wt were selected for further anal. Bioefficacy of these 44 plants against Helicoverpa armigera allowed identification of 14 plants that not only accumulated good amt. of protein but were also effective against Helicoverpa. Mol. anal. by PCR for the amplification of both the cry1AcF and nptII genes confirmed the transgenic nature of the selected plants. The protocol ensured generation of transgenic chickpea plants with considerable ease in a short time and might be applicable across different genotypes​/cultivars of the crop and offers immense potential as a supplemental or an alternate protocol for generating transgenic plants of difficult-​to-​regenerate crops

Ameliorative Effects of Dimetylthiourea and N-Acetylcysteine on Nanoparticles Induced Cyto-Genotoxicity in Human Lung Cancer Cells-A549

We study the ameliorative potential of dimetylthiourea (DMTU), an OH• radical trapper and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutathione precursor/H2O2 scavenger against titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) induced cyto-genotoxicity in cultured human lung cancer cells-A549. Cytogenotoxicity was induced by exposing the cells to selected concentrations (10 and 50 µg/ml) of either of TiO2-NPs or MWCNTs for 24 h. Anti-cytogenotoxicity effects of DMTU and NAC were studied in two groups, i.e., treatment of 30 minutes prior to toxic insult (short term exposure), while the other group received DMTU and NAC treatment during nanoparticles exposure, i.e., 24 h (long term exposure). Investigations were carried out for cell viability, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), micronuclei (MN), and expression of markers of oxidative stress (HSP27, CYP2E1), genotoxicity (P53) and CYP2E1 dependent n- nitrosodimethylamine-demethylase (NDMA-d) activity. In general, the treatment of both DMTU and NAC was found to be effective significantly against TiO2-NPs and MWCNTs induced cytogenotoxicity in A549 cells. Long-term treatment of DMTU and NAC during toxic insults has shown better prevention than short-term pretreatment. Although, cells responded significantly to both DMTU and NAC, but responses were chemical specific. In part, TiO2-NPs induced toxic responses were mediated through OH• radicals generation and reduction in the antioxidant defense system. While in the case of MWCNTs, adverse effects were primarily due to altering/hampering the enzymatic antioxidant system. Data indicate the applicability of human lung cancer cells-A549 as a pre-screening tool to identify the target specific prophylactic and therapeutic potential of drugs candidate molecules against nanoparticles induced cellular damages

A communal catalogue reveals Earth’s multiscale microbial diversity

Our growing awareness of the microbial world’s importance and diversity contrasts starkly with our limited understanding of its fundamental structure. Despite recent advances in DNA sequencing, a lack of standardized protocols and common analytical frameworks impedes comparisons among studies, hindering the development of global inferences about microbial life on Earth. Here we present a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by hundreds of researchers for the Earth Microbiome Project. Coordinated protocols and new analytical methods, particularly the use of exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enable bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences to be followed across multiple studies and allow us to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. The result is both a reference database giving global context to DNA sequence data and a framework for incorporating data from future studies, fostering increasingly complete characterization of Earth’s microbial diversity

A communal catalogue reveals Earth's multiscale microbial diversity

Our growing awareness of the microbial world's importance and diversity contrasts starkly with our limited understanding of its fundamental structure. Despite recent advances in DNA sequencing, a lack of standardized protocols and common analytical frameworks impedes comparisons among studies, hindering the development of global inferences about microbial life on Earth. Here we present a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by hundreds of researchers for the Earth Microbiome Project. Coordinated protocols and new analytical methods, particularly the use of exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enable bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences to be followed across multiple studies and allow us to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. The result is both a reference database giving global context to DNA sequence data and a framework for incorporating data from future studies, fostering increasingly complete characterization of Earth's microbial diversity.Peer reviewe

Thin Film Research: A scientimetric Assessment of Indian Publications during 2009-18

The paper presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of thin films research in India vis-a-vis the world. The publications data for the study was sourced from Scopus international bibliographical and citation database during 2009-18.The study profiles top 10 most productive countries in the subject, top 20 most productive research organizations, and 15 most productive authors. The study presents distribution of research by subject areas that intersect with thin films and by source journals. The study finds that the China and the USA are the world leader in the subject, followed by South Korea, Japan, India and others.India registered 11.04% annual average growth in the subject, five times the world average growth of 2.20%. India contributed 8.55% share of its output towards global share, 23.47% towards international collaborative papers. It averaged citations impact of 8.73 citations per paper. India contributed 4.12%share of its output as highly cited papers. Shivaji University, Kolhapur has emerged as the top ranking research organization in thin films research in the country