Un viaje por el Carmen de Viboral

El Carmen de Viboral es un municipio del Oriente Antioqueño que ha venido consolidándose como destino turístico en gran medida por su cultura artesanal y su patrimonio inmaterial en el oficio ceramista. El municipio ha encontrado en el turismo un importante factor de desarrollo económico que trae, a su vez, grandes retos para ofrecer servicios de calidad que integren todas las necesidades de las personas que lo visitan y de la comunidad local. Desde el punto de vista del mercadeo de destino se planteó la creación de experiencias únicas y memorables para las visitas de los turistas que se pueden lograr mediante la articulación entre los diferentes prestadores de servicios del sector, los gobiernos locales y la comunidad, lo que puede significar un reto importante para establecer una oferta de calidad. Si se toma lo anterior en cuenta, conocer los aportes, las motivaciones, las expectativas y las experiencias de los viajeros actuales hace parte fundamental del estudio, con el fin de mejorar la oferta de bienes y servicios del sector turístico en el destino. Por eso, el propósito fue recopilar aportes de las experiencias de los visitantes y prestadores de servicios turísticos de El Carmen de Viboral a través de una investigación exploratoria cualitativa con visitantes del municipio y actores relacionados con el turismo del destino turístico. Las evidencias permitieron establecer algunas pautas para la creación y mejora de productos y servicios fundados en las recientes visiones sobre la experiencia del cliente y se plantearon recomendaciones para la propuesta de experiencias turísticas y bases para establecer una oferta de calidad.El Carmen de Viboral is a town located in the East of Antioquia that has been consolidated as a tourist destination majorly due to its handcraft culture and its immaterial patrimony of hand-made ceramics. This town has found tourism as an important factor to develop its economy, which brings big challenges to offer quality services integrating the visitors and the local community needs. From a marketing destination approach, this study considers the creation of unique and memorable experiences for tourists, during their visit to El Carmen de Viboral. Having in mind an articulation of different service providers, local governments, and community that by doing so, it could be challenging to establish a quality offer. Recognizing contributions, motivations, expectations, and experiences of the current tourists in this study, allows to improve the offer of goods and services of this touristic destination, by reviewing the visitor’s experiences and tourist servers through exploratory qualitative research with in-depth interviews with visitors and local stakeholders. The results allow to establish some fundamentals to create and improve services and products based on current point of view about client experience, also to give some guidelines to touristic experiences and quality offer bases propose

Evaluación financiera del municipio de Pereira en los órdenes central y descentralizado en términos reales y nominales periodo 2001-2006 y diseño de indicadores para el seguimiento y evaluación

El presente trabajo realiza un análisis de la información financiera en el orden central descentralizado en términos nominales y reales durante el periodo comprendido 2001 – 2006, esto permitió mirar la evolución de las diferentes variables que componen tanto los ingresos como los gastos presentados en cada una de las dependencias del orden descentralizado o en el central Alcaldía del Municipio de Pereira, para ello se tuvo en cuenta como objetivo general del trabajo de investigación, realizar una evaluación de las finanzas del municipio de Pereira en términos reales y nominales para el orden central y descentralizado en el periodo comprendido entre 2001-2006 y diseñar indicadores de gestión para su evaluación y seguimiento. El diseño metodológico establecido para la realización del estudio fue el siguiente: los datos estadísticos se trabajaron a través del método de regresión logarítmico lineal, dichos cálculos econométricos se visualizan en los anexos 1 y 2. La información secundaria se obtuvo de datos provenientes de la Contraloría Municipal de Pereira, Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) y del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE). Este fue un trabajo realizado eminentemente con información secundaria, es decir, no requirió de la aplicación de encuestas ni de tabulaciones. Una vez obtenida la información secundaria esta se organizó y se depuró llevándose posteriormente a Cuadros a los cuales se les hizo los respectivos análisis acompañados con las Figuras correspondientes. El análisis realizado se hizo con base en los resultados presentados para cada año en términos nominales y reales permitiendo con ello alcanzar 33 ciertos parámetros que lograron que las estudiantes hicieran un análisis de la evolución y dinámica de las finanzas en cada una de las poblaciones objeto de investigación. Como limitaciones presentadas en la realización del estudio se encontró la poca información suministrada por cada una de las dependencias a las cuales se les realizo el análisis, además la Contraloría Municipal de Pereira presentó información muy reducida por problemas de confiabilidad o por situaciones que les impide darle mas acceso al publico correspondiente. Es importante señalar que el trabajo de investigación permitió a las estudiantes de Ingeniería Financiera incursionar en un campo que se sale del contexto de las finanzas privadas, manejando así conceptos de finanzas publicas que realmente juegan un papel importante en la generación de empleo de los ingenieros financieros debido a que es el sector publico el que genera mas empleo en Colombia específicamente en la ciudad y en la región al demandar un 70% de los profesionales que egresan de nuestras universidades.This paper performs an analysis of the financial information in the decentralized central order in nominal and real terms during the period between 2001 - 2006, this allowed us to look at the evolution of different variables that make up both income and expenses presented in each of the dependencies of the decentralized order or in the central Mayor's Office of the Municipality of Pereira, for this it was taken into The general objective of the research work is to carry out a evaluation of the finances of the municipality of Pereira in real terms and nominal for the central and decentralized order in the period between 2001-2006 and design management indicators for its evaluation and monitoring. The methodological design established for the study was the following: the statistical data were worked through the method of linear logarithmic regression, these econometric calculations are displayed in annexes 1 and 2. Secondary information was obtained from data from the Pereira Municipal Comptroller, National Planning Department (DNP) and the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE). This was a work done eminently with secondary information, that is, it did not require the application of surveys or tabulations. A Once the secondary information was obtained, it was organized and debugged later taking pictures to which the respective analysis accompanied with the corresponding Figures. The analysis performed was based on the results presented for each year in nominal and real terms, thus allowing to achieve 33 certain parameters that made the students do an analysis of the evolution and dynamics of finance in each of the populations object of investigation. As limitations presented in conducting the study, it was found the little information provided by each of the agencies to the which the analysis was carried out, in addition the Municipal Comptroller of Pereira presented very limited information due to reliability problems or for situations that prevent them from giving more access to the public correspondent. It is important to note that the research work allowed the Financial Engineering students venture into a field that is leaves the context of private finance, thus managing concepts of public finances that really play an important role in the generation of employment for financial engineers because it is the public sector the one that generates more employment in Colombia specifically in the city and in the region by demanding 70% of the professionals who they graduate from our universities

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Ciudad de Bogotá.

El conflicto armado en Colombia a lo largo de su confrontación armada ha sido generador de diferentes escenarios de violencia que de acuerdo a su complejidad han desencadenado un sometimiento a diferentes poblaciones vulnerables del territorio colombiano, estas personas han sido víctimas de afectaciones no solamente físicas, emocionales o psicológicas, sino también económicas, materiales, culturales, sociales; teniendo en cuenta que la relación entre el ser humano y su entorno están directamente vinculados, toda situación violenta que pueda llegar a ser traumática afectara directamente la integridad y calidad de vida. Todo evento que se considere violento trae como consecuencia una ruptura en el entorno psicosocial de la víctima, estos acontecimientos son determinantes y afectan considerablemente aspectos como la educación, la salud, vivienda, empleo, cultura entre otros. De acuerdo a lo anterior y basados en aspectos relevantes de las víctimas como la memoria, experiencias, narrativas subjetivas y recursos de afrontamiento, se consolida una estrategia de abordaje e intervención basada en las imágenes y las narrativas la cual permite a través de la comprensión y sistematización de la experiencia, generar acciones que ayuden al afrontamiento de crisis y potenciar las capacidades individuales y permitan superar las condiciones de victimización. Así mismo, se enfoca la labor psicosocial que ejerce la ciencia de la Psicología en el abordaje de personas víctimas, victimarios y la comunidad en el desarrollo de los diferentes procesos que facilitan la recuperación de la integridad, inclusión y el valor del ser humano dentro de la sociedad, fortaleciendo las habilidades, capacidades y aptitudes de estas personas inhibiendo el impacto de las problemáticas generadas por los diferentes escenarios de violencia.The armed conflict in Colombia throughout its armed confrontation has generated different scenarios of violence that according to their complexity have unleashed a subjection to different vulnerable populations of Colombian territory, these people have been victims of affects not only physical, emotional or psychological, but also economic, material, cultural, social, bearing in mind that the relationship between human beings and their environment are directly linked, any violent situation that may become traumatic directly affect the integrity and quality of life. Any event that is considered violent brings as a consequence a rupture in the psychosocial environment of the victim, these events are determining and affect considerably aspects such as education, health, housing, employment, culture among others. In accordance with the above and based on relevant aspects of victims such as memory, experiences, subjective narratives and coping resources, a strategy of approach and intervention based on images and narratives is consolidated, which allows, through the understanding and systematization of the experience, the generation of actions that help in coping with crises and strengthen individual capacities and enable victimization conditions to be overcome. It also focuses on the psychosocial work of the science of psychology in dealing with victims, perpetrators and the community in the development of different processes that facilitate the recovery of the integrity, inclusion and value of the human being within society, strengthening the skills, capacities and aptitudes of these people inhibiting the impact of the problems generated by the different scenarios of violence

Transethnic meta-analysis of rare coding variants in PLCG2, ABI3, and TREM2 supports their general contribution to Alzheimer’s disease

Rare coding variants in TREM2, PLCG2, and ABI3 were recently associated with the susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in Caucasians. Frequencies and AD-associated effects of variants differ across ethnicities. To start filling the gap on AD genetics in South America and assess the impact of these variants across ethnicity, we studied these variants in Argentinian population in association with ancestry. TREM2 (rs143332484 and rs75932628), PLCG2 (rs72824905), and ABI3 (rs616338) were genotyped in 419 AD cases and 486 controls. Meta-analysis with European population was performed. Ancestry was estimated from genome-wide genotyping results. All variants show similar frequencies and odds ratios to those previously reported. Their association with AD reach statistical significance by meta-analysis. Although the Argentinian population is an admixture, variant carriers presented mainly Caucasian ancestry. Rare coding variants in TREM2, PLCG2, and ABI3 also modulate susceptibility to AD in populations from Argentina, and they may have a European heritage.International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (to M.C.D.); Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PBIT/09 2013, PICT2015-0285 and PICT-2016-4647 to L.M.; PICT-2014-1537 to M.C.D.

La técnica de la microgota como alternativa para el recuento de Azospirillum spp. dentro del protocolo de la Red de Control de Calidad de Inoculantes (REDCAI)

La evaluación de la calidad de los inoculantes comerciales es fundamental para garantizar una adecuada respuesta de los cultivos a la inoculación dentro de un marco de bioseguridad. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo fue la estandarización y validación de la técnica de la microgota para la cuantificación de Azospirillum como metodología alternativa a la técnica de siembra en superficie, propuesta actualmente en el protocolo consenso de la Red de Calidad de Inoculantes, REDCAI. Entre 14 y 25 laboratorios, tanto privados como públicos, participaron de tres ensayos independientes. A partir de ellos se obtuvieron resultados reproducibles y robustos que permiten confirmar que ambas técnicas son equivalentes y concluir que la técnica de recuento por la microgota es una alternativa adecuada para ser incluida dentro del mencionado protocolo consenso.Quality evaluation of commercial inoculants is essential to warrant an adequate crop response to inoculation within a biosecurity framework. In this sense, this work is aimed at standardizing and validating the drop plate method for the enumeration of Azospirillum viable cells as an alternative to the spread plate technique, which is currently proposed in the consensus protocol of the REDCAI network. Between 14 and 25 private and public laboratories participated in three independent trials. We obtained consistent and robust results that allowed to confirm that both techniques are equivalent, concluding that the drop plate method is an alternative enumeration technique that is adequate to be included in the abovementioned consensus protocol.Fil: Di Salvo, Luciana Paula. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos. Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: García, Julia E.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Puente, Mariana Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Amigo, Josefina Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia. Departamento de Ecología. Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Anriquez, Analia Liliana. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias; ArgentinaFil: Barlocco, Claudia. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria; UruguayFil: Benintende, Silvia Mercedes. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Bochatay, Tatiana. BASF Agricultural Specialities S.A.; ArgentinaFil: Bortolato, Marta Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Cassan, Fabricio Dario. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Ramirez Castaño, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Catafesta, Melina. Bio Nova; ArgentinaFil: Coniglio, Nayla Anahí. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Díaz, Marisa. Rizobacter Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Galian, Liliana Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Gallace, María Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía. Recursos Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; ArgentinaFil: Garcia, Patricia Graciela. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; ArgentinaFil: García de Salamone, Inés E.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos. Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Landa, Marianela. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimento. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria; ArgentinaFil: Liernur, Germán. No especifíca;Fil: Maneiro, María Laura. Rizobacter Argentina S.A.; ArgentinaFil: Massa, Rosana. Stoller Biociencias S.R.L.; ArgentinaFil: Malinverni, Julieta. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimento. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria; ArgentinaFil: Marchessi, Nicolas Carlos. Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Monteleone, Emilia. Nitrasoil Argentina S.A.; ArgentinaFil: Oviedo, Silvina. Rizobacter Argentina S.A.; ArgentinaFil: Pobliti, Lucrecia. Barenbrug Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Portela, Gabriela Rut. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Radovancich, Débora. Laformed S.A.; ArgentinaFil: Righes, Silvia. Marketing Agrícola S.R.L.; Argentin

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution