Caracterização da imunogenicidade das proteínas recombinantes Virb9, Virb10 e fator termo instável de Elongação de Peptídeos de Anaplasma marginale em camundongos

Considering the limitations of current methods of anaplasmosis control, the development of a more effective vaccine is required. Previous studies, using proteomic and genomic approaches, have identified new membrane proteinsin Anaplasma marginale that may be vaccine candidates. These include VirB9, VirB10 and elongation factor-Tu (EFTu).Although the role of these proteins in the membrane of A. marginale has not been properly characterized, production of the recombinant proteins rVirB9, rVirB10, and rEF-Tu has been achieved. However, these recombinant proteins have not yet been exploited in vaccine formulations. The present study describes the use of rVirB9, rVirB10and rEF-Tu, emulsificated in adjuvant Montanide, in mice. A strong humoral immune response was induced under these conditions, with both IgG1 and IgG2a production. The IgG2a/IgG1 ratios revealed a predominance of IgG1.However, splenocytes of the animals that received rVirB9 or rVirB10 produced high levels of gamma interferon after in vitro stimulation, indicating a specific cellular immune response to these proteins. Therefore, further studies are required to adjust the profile of the immune response in order to perform tests of protection against A. marginale in cattle.Considerando as limitações dos atuais métodos de controle contra a anaplasmose bovina, o desenvolvimento de uma vacina efetiva se faz necessário. A partir do advento da análise genômica e proteômica, novas proteínas de membrana de Anaplasma marginale foram identificadas como possíveis candidatas a componentes de uma vacina, tais como, VirB9,VirB10 e Fator Termo Instavél de Elongação de Peptídeos (EF-Tu). Embora estas proteínas ainda não estejam bem caracterizadas na membrana de A. marginale, a produção destas na forma recombinante (rVirB 9, rVirB10 e rEF-Tu)tem sido realizada, mas as mesmas ainda não foram exploradas em formulações vacinais. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se ouso de rVirB9, rVirB10 e rEF-Tu emulsionadas em adjuvante Montanide em camundongos. Nas condições testadas, verificou-se a indução de forte resposta imune humoral com a produção de IgG1 e IgG2a, sendo que as proporções dos níveis de produção destas subclasses indicam predomínio de IgG1. Entretanto, esplenócitos de animais, que foram injetados com rVirB9 ou rVirB10, produziram interferon-gama acima do limite de detecção do ensaio após estimulação in vitro, sinalizando assim resposta celular específica. Assim, novas avaliações serão realizadas com a finalidade de modular o perfil de resposta imune obtido em bovinos e avaliar a proteção contra A. marginale

Prevenção e manejo de complicações pós-cirúrgicas em cirurgias oculares

A prevenção e o manejo de complicações pós-cirúrgicas em cirurgias oculares são vitais para otimizar os resultados do paciente e minimizar a morbidade. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão abrangente das principais complicações após cirurgias refrativas, de catarata, glaucoma e da retina, fornecendo estratégias para prevenir e gerenciar tais complicações. As complicações discutidas incluem ectasia corneana, infecção ocular, edema macular cistóide, opacificação da cápsula posterior, hipotonia ocular, falha do filtro, descolamento de coróide, hemorragia vítrea, entre outras. As estratégias para prevenir essas complicações são variadas, desde a seleção adequada do paciente e o aperfeiçoamento da técnica cirúrgica até o uso de medicamentos apropriados no pós-operatório. Ao mesmo tempo, as estratégias de manejo podem envolver intervenções médicas ou cirúrgicas adicionais para tratar complicações emergentes. A revisão destaca a importância de um cuidado personalizado, baseado em evidências, para cada paciente, a fim de minimizar as complicações e otimizar os resultados

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

First Assessment of the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Marine Recreational Fisheries

This work is the result of an international research effort to determine the main impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine recreational fishing. Changes were assessed on (1) access to fishing, derived from lockdowns and other mobility restrictions; (2) ecosystems, because of alterations in fishing intensity and human presence; (3) the blue economy, derived from alterations in the investments and expenses of the fishers; and (4) society, in relation to variations in fishers’ health and well-being. For this, a consultation with experts from 16 countries was carried out, as well as an international online survey aimed at recreational fishers, that included specific questions designed to capture fishers’ heterogeneity in relation to behavior, skills and know-how, and vital involvement. Fishers’ participation in the online survey (5,998 recreational fishers in 15 countries) was promoted through a marketing campaign. The sensitivity of the fishers’ clustering procedure, based on the captured heterogeneity, was evaluated by SIMPER analysis and by generalized linear models. Results from the expert consultation highlighted a worldwide reduction in marine recreational fishing activity. Lower human-driven pressures are expected to generate some benefits for marine ecosystems. However, experts also identified high negative impacts on the blue economy, as well as on fisher health and well-being because of the loss of recreational fishing opportunities. Most (98%) of the fishers who participated in the online survey were identified as advanced, showing a much higher degree of commitment to recreational fishing than basic fishers (2%). Advanced fishers were, in general, more pessimistic about the impacts of COVID-19, reporting higher reductions in physical activity and fish consumption, as well as poorer quality of night rest, foul mood, and raised more concerns about their health status. Controlled and safe access to marine recreational fisheries during pandemics would provide benefits to the health and well-being of people and reduce negative socioeconomic impacts, especially for vulnerable social groups

First Assessment of the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Marine Recreational Fisheries

This work is the result of an international research effort to determine the main impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine recreational fishing. Changes were assessed on (1) access to fishing, derived from lockdowns and other mobility restrictions; (2) ecosystems, because of alterations in fishing intensity and human presence; (3) the blue economy, derived from alterations in the investments and expenses of the fishers; and (4) society, in relation to variations in fishers? health and well-being. For this, a consultation with experts from 16 countries was carried out, as well as an international online survey aimed at recreational fishers, that included specific questions designed to capture fishers? heterogeneity in relation to behavior, skills and know-how, and vital involvement. Fishers? participation in the online survey (5,998 recreational fishers in 15 countries) was promoted through a marketing campaign. The sensitivity of the fishers? clustering procedure, based on the captured heterogeneity, was evaluated by SIMPER analysis and by generalized linear models. Results from the expert consultation highlighted a worldwide reduction in marine recreational fishing activity. Lower human-driven pressures are expected to generate some benefits for marine ecosystems. However, experts also identified high negative impacts on the blue economy, as well as on fisher health and well-being because of the loss of recreational fishing opportunities. Most (98%) of the fishers who participated in the online survey were identified as advanced, showing a much higher degree of commitment to recreational fishing than basic fishers (2%). Advanced fishers were, in general, more pessimistic about the impacts of COVID-19, reporting higher reductions in physical activity and fish consumption, as well as poorer quality of night rest, foul mood, and raised more concerns about their health status. Controlled and safe access to marine recreational fisheries during pandemics would provide benefits to the health and well-being of people and reduce negative socioeconomic impacts, especially for vulnerable social groups.Fil: Pita, Pablo. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Ainsworth, Gillian B.. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Alba, Bernardino. Alianza de Pesca Española Recreativa Responsable; EspañaFil: Anderson, Antônio B.. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; BrasilFil: Antelo, Manel. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Alós, Josep. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados; EspañaFil: Artetxe, Iñaki. No especifíca;Fil: Baudrier, Jérôme. Institut Français de Recherche Pour l’Exploitation de la Mer; FranciaFil: Castro, José J.. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; EspañaFil: Chicharro, Belén. No especifíca;Fil: Erzini, Karim. Universidad de Algarve; PortugalFil: Ferter, Keno. No especifíca;Fil: Freitas, Mafalda. No especifíca;Fil: García-de-la-Fuente, Laura. Universidad de Oviedo; EspañaFil: García Charton, José A.. Universidad de Murcia; EspañaFil: Giménez Casalduero, María. Universidad de Murcia; EspañaFil: Grau, Antoni M.. No especifíca;Fil: Diogo, Hugo. Universidade Dos Açores; Portugal. Direção de Serviços de Recursos; PortugalFil: Gordoa, Ana. No especifíca;Fil: Henriques, Filipe. Universidad de Algarve; Portugal. Universidad de Coimbra; PortugalFil: Hyder, Kieran. University of East Anglia; Reino UnidoFil: Jiménez Alvarado, David. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; EspañaFil: Karachle, Paraskevi K.. No especifíca;Fil: Lloret, Josep. Universidad de Girona; EspañaFil: Laporta, Martin. No especifíca;Fil: Lejk, Adam M.. No especifíca;Fil: Dedeu, Arnau L.. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar; EspañaFil: Sosa, Martín Pablo. No especifíca;Fil: Martínez, Lllibori. No especifíca;Fil: Mira, Antoni M.. No especifíca;Fil: Morales Nin, Beatriz. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados; EspañaFil: Mugerza, Estanis. No especifíca;Fil: Olesen, Hans J.. Technical University of Denmark; DinamarcaFil: Papadopoulos, Anastasios. No especifíca;Fil: Pontes, João. Universidad de Algarve; PortugalFil: Pascual Fernández, José J.. Universidad de La Laguna; EspañaFil: Purroy, Ariadna. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar; EspañaFil: Ramires, Milena. Santa Cecília University; BrasilFil: Rangel, Mafalda. Universidad de Algarve; PortugalFil: Reis Filho, José Amorim. Universidade Federal do Pará; BrasilFil: Sánchez Lizaso, Jose L.. Universidad de Alicante; EspañaFil: Sandoval, Virginia. Universidad de Murcia; EspañaFil: Sbragaglia, Valerio. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar; EspañaFil: Silva, Luis. No especifíca;Fil: Skov, Christian. Technical University of Denmark; DinamarcaFil: Sola, Iván Daniel. Universidad de Alicante; España. Universidad de Playa Ancha; ChileFil: Strehlow, Harry V.. No especifíca;Fil: Torres, María A.. No especifíca;Fil: Ustups, Didzis. No especifíca;Fil: van der Hammen, Tessa. No especifíca;Fil: Veiga, Pedro. Universidad de Algarve; PortugalFil: Venerus, Leonardo Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Verleye, Thomas. No especifíca;Fil: Villasante, Sebastián. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Weltersbach, Marc Simon. No especifíca;Fil: Zarauz, Lucía. No especifíca

Primeira avaliação dos impactos da pandemia COVID-19 sobre pesca recreativa marinha global

In late 2019, an outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus started in China (Graham and Baric, 2020; Hu et al., 2020; Maxmen, 2021). A global pandemic was declared in March 2020, as COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus (World Health Organization, 2020b), escalated outside China (World Health Organization, 2020a). In mid-2021, when vaccination campaigns began to show positive effects on the control of the disease in several countries (Kaur and Gupta, 2020), the COVID-19 pandemic caused millions of deaths and hundreds of millions of infections (Dong et al., 2020). To fight the pandemic, governments reacted with measures designed to contain the spread of the virus, especially through measures aimed to reduce social interactions, including lockdowns (Wilder-Smith and Freedman, 2020), travel restrictions (Chinazzi et al., 2020), and limiting people’s access to non-essential activities (Storr et al., 2021). Humanity suffered a notable impact as a result of the pandemic, including losses of jobs and an abrupt disruption in global demand of goods and services (Barua, 2020; McKibbin and Fernando, 2020; Nicola et al., 2020). The pandemic further degraded the quality of life of the most vulnerable people, particularly those with mental health problems (Brooks et al., 2020), victims of domestic violence (Usher et al., 2020), children (Singh et al., 2020), or indigenous populations (Lane, 2020). As a result, an increase in economic inequality and worldwide poverty is expected, especially in developing countries (World Bank, 2020), and a peak in the suicide rate (Kawohl and Nordt, 2020). On the other hand, global reduction of human activities has had some positive effects on the global environment, especially for air and water quality (Rutz et al., 2020), and noise reduction (Zambrano-Monserrate et al., 2020). Marine ecosystems for example experienced less impacts derived from commercial fishing due to disruptions in large markets such as the United States (White et al., 2021a) or the European Union (Prellezo and Carvahlo, 2020; Coll et al., 2021).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Cardiac myosin activation with omecamtiv mecarbil in systolic heart failure

BACKGROUND The selective cardiac myosin activator omecamtiv mecarbil has been shown to improve cardiac function in patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. Its effect on cardiovascular outcomes is unknown. METHODS We randomly assigned 8256 patients (inpatients and outpatients) with symptomatic chronic heart failure and an ejection fraction of 35% or less to receive omecamtiv mecarbil (using pharmacokinetic-guided doses of 25 mg, 37.5 mg, or 50 mg twice daily) or placebo, in addition to standard heart-failure therapy. The primary outcome was a composite of a first heart-failure event (hospitalization or urgent visit for heart failure) or death from cardiovascular causes. RESULTS During a median of 21.8 months, a primary-outcome event occurred in 1523 of 4120 patients (37.0%) in the omecamtiv mecarbil group and in 1607 of 4112 patients (39.1%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86 to 0.99; P = 0.03). A total of 808 patients (19.6%) and 798 patients (19.4%), respectively, died from cardiovascular causes (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.11). There was no significant difference between groups in the change from baseline on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire total symptom score. At week 24, the change from baseline for the median N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level was 10% lower in the omecamtiv mecarbil group than in the placebo group; the median cardiac troponin I level was 4 ng per liter higher. The frequency of cardiac ischemic and ventricular arrhythmia events was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection, those who received omecamtiv mecarbil had a lower incidence of a composite of a heart-failure event or death from cardiovascular causes than those who received placebo. (Funded by Amgen and others; GALACTIC-HF ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02929329; EudraCT number, 2016 -002299-28.)