DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN C CONTENT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF GREEN BEAN (Phaseolus radiatus L.) USING SPECTROPHOTOMETRY UV-VIS

Iron deficiency anemia is the main cause of decreased aerobic endurance. Administration of vitamin C can have a significant effect on increasing hemoglobin and aerobic resistance. Green beans (Phaseolus radiatus) can meet the needs of vitamin C and have biological activity as a source of antioxidants. The aim of the study was to determine the levels of vitamin C in the ethanol extract of mung bean sprouts with a standard solution of vitamin C as a positive control. The method consisted of extraction, determining the maximum wavelength, determining the standard curve, and measuring the levels of mung bean sprout ethanol extract and vitamin C standard solution. The results showed that the maximum wavelength in determining vitamin C content was 260 nm, and mung bean sprout ethanol extract had vitamin C content of 0.200 ppm at a dose of 20 ppm. This level is equivalent to the positive control, which is a standard 10 ppm vitamin C solution. The conclusion is that 20 µg/mL ethanol extract of mung bean sprouts contains vitamin C of 0.200 µg/mL.

The determinants of going concern audit opinion (an empirical study on non-bank financial institutions listed in Indonesian stock exchange 2008-2014)

This study aims at empirically examining the influences of bankruptcy prediction score, institutional ownership, managerial ownership, independent commissioner, and board meeting on the going concern audit opinion for the period 2008-2014. By using purposive sampling technique, data were gathered from annual audited financial reports of 11 companies that were taken as research sample. All of the reports were published by Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2014. Based on the logistic regression model, the study found that the bankruptcy prediction of Altman Z-Score has a significant influence on the release of going concern audit opinion by the auditor. Meanwhile, the other independent variables showed insignificant influences toward the going concern audit opinion for non-bank financial institutions listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange.peer-reviewe

Molecular Docking and Pharmacokinetic Prediction of Potential Compounds from Luffa acutangula as Antidiabetic Candidates

Luffa acutangula is commonly used, but its considerable potential as an alternative treatment for diabetics with a molecular target action is not yet known. Preliminary study of bioinformatics to decipher the compounds of L. acutangulaable to interact with the protein targets of antidiabetic therapy. This study aims to identify the potential compounds of L. acutangula that are thought to interact with the insulin receptor, aldose reductase, and PTP-1B, as well as provide predictions of pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Molecular docking was conducted in AutoDock 4.2.6 with the stages initiated by the preparation of macromolecules (PDB ID: 1IR3; 2PEV; 4Y14) and ligands, molecular docking, and visualization. The pharmacokinetic profiles are predictable by using the Swiss ADME and toxicity estimates by Toxtree. The results showed that cucurbitacin B, cucurbitacin E, oleanolic acid, catechin, ferulic acid and apigenin are the most potential compounds to interact with the macromolecular with a binding energy response similar to the native ligand. Pharmacokinetic predictions show that cucurbitacin B and cucurbitacin E deviate from one Lipinski rule (BM> 500), do not diffuse into the blood brain barrier, are not CYP450 inhibitors, as well as classified as Pgp substrates. The prediction of toxicity indicates that all potential compounds are classified as high toxicity compounds with a risk of narcosis, except oleanolic acid and ferulic acid. These compounds are not genotoxic or non-genotoxic carcinogens

DOCKING MOLEKULER SENYAWA POTENSIAL DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera) TERHADAP RESEPTOR FOLAT

Asam folat merupakan mikronutrien yang sangat diperlukan oleh ibu hamil dalam perkembangan sistem saraf. Konsumsi daun kelor dapat meningkatkan kadar hemoglobin yaitu >11 gr%. Potensi zat gizi yang terkandung dalam daun kelor mampu memenuhi kebutuhan zat gizi ibu hamil. Namun identifikasi senyawa aktif tersebut terhadap makromolekul atau target aksi molekuler asam folat belum diketahui dengan jelas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kandungan kimia daun kelor yang dapat berinteraksi dengan reseptor folat secara in silico serta prediksi parameter farmakokinetika basis webserver SwissADME. Target molekuler yang dipilih adalah reseptor folat alfa (PDB: 4LRH) dengan teknik docking molekuler menggunakan Autodock 4.2 yang telah dilakukan validasi sebelumnya terhadap ligan asli. Target molekuler yang dipilih adalah reseptor folat alfa (PDB: 4LRH) dengan teknik docking molekuler menggunakan Autodock 4.2 yang telah dilakukan validasi sebelumnya terhadap ligan asli. Hasil docking molekuler menunjukkan bahwa senyawa potensial daun kelor adalah glucosinalbin, niazidin, niazinin, niazirin dan rhamnetin yang memiliki nilai energi ikatan kurang dari -8 kkal/mol. Namun senyawa potensial tersebut tidak lebih kurang dari nilai energi ikatan asam folat sebagai ligan asli pada makromolekul reseptor asam folat alfa. Hasil prediksi parameter farmakokinetika menunjukkan bahwa seluruh senyawa potensial daun kelor menunjukkan bahwa niazinin, niazirin dan rhamnetin terabsorpsi dengan tinggi dalam saluran gastrointestinal, kecuali niazidin dan glucosinalbin. Rhamnetin merupakan senyawa potensial yang dapat dikatalisis oleh enzim CYP3A4, CYP1A2 dan CYP2D6

ANALISIS SURVIVAL MENGGUNAKAN REGRESI WEIBULL PADA LAJU KESEMBUHAN PASIEN TUBERKULOSIS PARU DI RSUD ALOEI SABOE KOTA GORONTALO

This study was aimed at discussing survival analysis in Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients in Aloei Saboe using Weibull regression to find out the factors that influence the patient’s recovery rate. To analyze the survival time, the Kaplan-Meier curve is used then the process continues into Log-Rank Test to see the differences between groups in a curve. Weibull Regression is used to determine the significant factors based on a log-rank test in the rate of recovery of Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients. The results of the study concluded age, shortness of breath, fever, cough, history of illness and smoking habits are factors that significantly influence the rate of recovery of Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients

Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990–2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r2=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (−28·4 to −2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (–33·0 to −5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (−13·6% [–28·4 to 3·4]) and for type 1 diabetes (−13·6% [–29·3 to 8·9]). Interpretation Decreasing diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years remains an important challenge, especially in low and low-middle SDI countries. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is likely to be major contributor to these early deaths, highlighting the urgent need to provide better access to insulin and basic diabetes education and care. This mortality metric, derived from readily available and frequently updated GBD data, can help to monitor preventable diabetes-related deaths over time globally, aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Targets, and serve as an indicator of the adequacy of basic diabetes care for type 1 and type 2 diabetes across nations.publishedVersio

Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1

Background Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dosespecific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in countryreported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81.6% [95% uncertainty interval 80.4-82 .7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39.9% [37.5-42.1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38.5% [35.4-41.3] in 1980 to 83.6% [82.3-84.8] in 2019). Third- dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42.6% (41.4-44.1) in 1980 to 79.8% (78.4-81.1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56.8 million (52.6-60. 9) to 14.5 million (13.4-15.9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990–2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r2=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (−28·4 to −2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (–33·0 to −5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (−13·6% [–28·4 to 3·4]) and for type 1 diabetes (−13·6% [–29·3 to 8·9]). Interpretation Decreasing diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years remains an important challenge, especially in low and low-middle SDI countries. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is likely to be major contributor to these early deaths, highlighting the urgent need to provide better access to insulin and basic diabetes education and care. This mortality metric, derived from readily available and frequently updated GBD data, can help to monitor preventable diabetes-related deaths over time globally, aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Targets, and serve as an indicator of the adequacy of basic diabetes care for type 1 and type 2 diabetes across nations