8 research outputs found
Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe
Archaeological evidence indicates that pig domestication had begun by ~10,500 y before the present (BP) in the Near East, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) suggests that pigs arrived in Europe alongside farmers ~8,500 y BP. A few thousand years after the introduction of Near Eastern pigs into Europe, however, their characteristic mtDNA signature disappeared and was replaced by haplotypes associated with European wild boars. This turnover could be accounted for by substantial gene flow from local Euro-pean wild boars, although it is also possible that European wild boars were domesticated independently without any genetic con-tribution from the Near East. To test these hypotheses, we obtained mtDNA sequences from 2,099 modern and ancient pig samples and 63 nuclear ancient genomes from Near Eastern and European pigs. Our analyses revealed that European domestic pigs dating from 7,100 to 6,000 y BP possessed both Near Eastern and European nuclear ancestry, while later pigs possessed no more than 4% Near Eastern ancestry, indicating that gene flow from European wild boars resulted in a near-complete disappearance of Near East ancestry. In addition, we demonstrate that a variant at a locus encoding black coat color likely originated in the Near East and persisted in European pigs. Altogether, our results indicate that while pigs were not independently domesticated in Europe, the vast majority of human-mediated selection over the past 5,000 y focused on the genomic fraction derived from the European wild boars, and not on the fraction that was selected by early Neolithic farmers over the first 2,500 y of the domestication process
The ratio of domestic and wild animals at Neolithic sites in Vojvodina (Serbia)
Based on the results of the vertebrate fauna research from 10 Neolithic
archaeological sites in Vojvodina (Serbia), two of which belong to Kőrös
culture, 7 to Starčevo culture, and one to Vinča culture, the proportional
contribution of domestic and wild animals was analysed. These sites were
approximately dated between 6000 and 3200 BC. The smallest proportion of
domestic animals was recorded at the sites of Golokut-Vizić and Nosa Biserna
Obala, while the biggest one at the sites of Prosine-Pećinci, Zlatara-Ruma
and Kudoš-Šašinci. A small proportion of domestic animals at Nosa Biserna
Obala shows that the animal husbandry was only just at the beginning, and a
high proportion of wild animals testifies about the importance of hunting in
economy. These are the characteristics of settlements of Kőrös culture, where
goats and sheep dominate among domestic animals. Low proportion of domestic
and high proportion of wild animals were recorded at the site of Golokut
which, like most of the described sites in this paper, belongs to the Middle
Neolithic; this is not characteristic for Starčevo culture and it testifies
that hunting was much more important than animal husbandry. What is
characteristic for settlements of Starčevo culture is the domination of oxen
in the total vertebrate fauna and among domestic animals. At the site of
Donja Branjevina-Deronje, the settlement which belongs to Starčevo culture as
well, goats and sheep have the biggest proportional contribution. The only
analysed settlement in this paper which belongs to the Early Neolithic
(Vinča culture) is Gomolava - Hrtkovci where domestic animals dominate, oxen
being the most numerous ones
Ornitofauna from the archaeological sites in Vojvodina (Serbia)
After decades-long vertebrate fauna research, out of 42 archaeological sites
in Vojvodina (Serbia) from different periods ranging from the Neolithic to
the Middle Ages, remains of birds were registered at 17 sites (4 from the
Neolithic, 1 from the Early Iron Age, 7 from the Late Iron Age, 5 from the
Roman Period, 1 from the Migration Period, and 4 from the Middle Ages). A
total of 14 species and 4 genera were registered for this vertebrate class.
The richest ornithofauna is from the Neolithic, where 9 species and 3 genera
were registered. The Migration and Medieval periods are next with 4
registered species and one genus each. There were 3 species registered from
the Roman Period, and 2 species from the Late Iron Age. The poorest
ornitofauna was registered from the Early Iron Age, only one species
Palaeopathological study of Cattle and Horse bone remains of the Ancient Roman city of Sirmium (Pannonia/Serbia)
This paper considers the observation of pathological changes in animal skeletal remains from four archaeological sites in Sirmium and one rustic villa (Vranj) located near the city. Before the pathological analysis, skeletal elements, as well as insight of taxonomic and age of animals were determined. 13599 bones or bone fragments were examined. In 72 specimens various abnormal changes have been observed. Most of the pathological changes were present in skeletal remains of cattle and horses. Macroscopic and radiographic analysis of pathological changes in the animal bones established that the lesions had proliferative and chronic character. Proliferative changes in the bones of cattle and horses indicate that these animals were used as draught animals and/or carrying cargo. Considering that most of the horses skeletal remains are from the Hippodrome, it is very possible that they were animals for amusement purposes in ancient city of Sirmium
Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe
Archaeological evidence indicates that pig domestication had begun by ∼10,500 y before the present (BP) in the Near East, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) suggests that pigs arrived in Europe alongside farmers ∼8,500 y BP. A few thousand years after the introduction of Near Eastern pigs into Europe, however, their characteristic mtDNA signature disappeared and was replaced by haplotypes associated with European wild boars. This turnover could be accounted for by substantial gene flow from local European wild boars, although it is also possible that European wild boars were domesticated independently without any genetic contribution from the Near East. To test these hypotheses, we obtained mtDNA sequences from 2,099 modern and ancient pig samples and 63 nuclear ancient genomes from Near Eastern and European pigs. Our analyses revealed that European domestic pigs dating from 7,100 to 6,000 y BP possessed both Near Eastern and European nuclear ancestry, while later pigs possessed no more than 4% Near Eastern ancestry, indicating that gene flow from European wild boars resulted in a near-complete disappearance of Near East ancestry. In addition, we demonstrate that a variant at a locus encoding black coat color likely originated in the Near East and persisted in European pigs. Altogether, our results indicate that while pigs were not independently domesticated in Europe, the vast majority of human-mediated selection over the past 5,000 y focused on the genomic fraction derived from the European wild boars, and not on the fraction that was selected by early Neolithic farmers over the first 2,500 y of the domestication process