Controle de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) com herbicidas em pré-plantio incorporado

The present research was carried out for studying the use of herbicides as pre-planting incorporation in soybean. The field research was conducted at "Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal" on a oxisol containing 2,3% organic matter. The experimental design was the randomized complete blocks, with 12 treatments and 4 repetitions. Each plot had 3 x 5.0 m and 0,60 m apart rows. The treatments with the rates in a.i./ha were as follows: dinitramine + metribuzin at 0.30 + 0.25; 0.50 + 0.25; 0.30 + 0.50; and 0.50 + 0.50; dinitramine + vernolate at 0.30 + 3.0 and 0.50 + 3.0; dinitramine at 0.30 and 0.50; metribuzin at 0.25 and 0.50; vernolate at 3.0; and, control. Weed control effects in each treatment were evaluated by counting the surviving weeds, 40 and 80 days after planting the soybean. The effects of the treatments on the crop were evaluated by counting the stand and by visual evaluation of herbicida injuries. The most important weeds present in the area were: Pennisetum setosum (L.) Rich. Pers.; Acanthospernrum australe (Loef.) O. Kuntze; Borreria sp. and Sida sp. A good control of Pennisetum setosum was obtained with dinitramine alone and dinitramine in mixture. Borreria sp. was controled with dinitramine in mixture at the higher rate. Sida sp. and Acanthospermum australe were not controlled. The statistical analysis didn't show differences in the stand, only the treatment dinitramine + vernolate at 0.30 + 3.0 presenting significant differences.A presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida em área da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias "Campus" de Jaboticabal, em um Latossol Vermelho Escuro fase arenosa, contendo 2,3% de matéria orgânica, com o objetivo de verificar o comportamento de herbicidas em pré-plantio incorporado na cultura da soja. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso com 12 tratamentos e 4 repetições. As parcelas constituiram-se de cinco linhas de 5,0 m espaçadas de 0,60 m. Os tratamentos com as respectivas doses do i.a./ha foram: dinitramine + metribuzin a 0,30 + 0,25; 0,50 + 0,25; 0,30 + 0,50 e 0,50+ 3,0; dinitramine + vernolate a 0,30 + 3,0 e 0,50 + 3,0; dinitramine a 0,30 e 0, 50; metribuzin a 0,25 e 0,50; vernolate a 3,0 e uma testemunha. A avaliação do controle das plantas daninhas foi realizada através de duas contagens das plantas daninhas sobreviventes aos 40 e 80 dias após o plantio. Também foi realizada uma contagem das plantas emergidas da cultura e avaliada a sua produção final. As plantas daninhas que ocorreram em maior densidade foram: capim-oferecido (Pennisetum setosum (L.) Rich. Pers.), carrapichi -rasteiro (Aeanthospermum australe (Loef.) O. Kuntze), poaia (Borreria sp.) e guanxuma (Sida sp.). No controle do capim-oferecido, os melhores tratamentos foram aqueles com dinitramine isoladamente e dinitramine em mistura. A poaia foi melhor controlada nos tratamentos com dinitramine em mistura na dose mais alta. A guanxuma e o carrapicho -rasteiro não foram controladas eficientemente pelos herbicidas. A análise estatística não mostrou diferenças na emergência inicial da cultura. Com relação a produção final somente o tratamento dinitramine + vernolate a 0,30 + 3,0 diferiu significativamente da testemunha sem capina

Photocatalytic reduction of levulinic acid using thermally modified niobic acid

After the discovery that commercial niobic acid (H0) is able to reduce the levulinic acid in value added molecules, H0 was thermally treated at 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C, generating the niobium oxides H1, H2 and H3 and the photocatalytic improvement towards reduction was investigated. Although the higher temperatures significantly decreased the specific surface area, it was important to remove surface hydroxyl groups and create the T and TT-Nb2O5 phase mixture in H3 which were responsible for its best performance (36.4% of conversion and almost 99% of selectivity for reduced products). To further improve the H3 photoactivity, an identical synthesis was performed in H2 flow to produce oxygen vacancies in the structure of the new photocatalyst (H3OV). This simple modification method increased ∼7% of products yield, which is the best photocatalytic result obtained for pure niobium oxides so far, and proved that it is possible to significantly increase photocatalytic performance without laborious modifications. The electronic and structural differences between H3 and H3OV were investigated by XRD Rietveld refinement, EPR, HR-TEM, DRS and SAED analyses

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MAim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century