19 research outputs found
Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe
The Interaction of Activated Integrin Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen 1 with Ligand Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Induces Activation and Redistribution of Focal Adhesion Kinase and Proline-rich Tyrosine Kinase 2 in T Lymphocytes
Integrin receptors play a central role in the biology of lymphocytes, mediating crucial functional aspects of these cells, including adhesion, activation, polarization, migration, and signaling. Here we report that induction of activation of the β2-integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) in T lymphocytes with divalent cations, phorbol esters, or stimulatory antibodies is followed by a dramatic polarization, resulting in a characteristic elongated morphology of the cells and the arrest of migrating lymphoblasts. This cellular polarization was prevented by treatment of cells with the specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. Furthermore, the interaction of the activated integrin LFA-1 with its ligand intercellular adhesion molecule 1 induced the activation of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK-2). FAK activation reached a maximum after 45 min of stimulation; in contrast, PYK-2 activation peaked at 30 min, declining after 60 min. Upon polarization of lymphoblasts, FAK and PYK-2 redistributed from a diffuse localization in the cytoplasm to a region close to the microtubule-organizing center in these cells. FAK and PYK-2 activation was blocked when lymphoblasts were pretreated with actin and tubulin cytoskeleton-interfering agents, indicating its cytoskeletal dependence. Our results demonstrate that interaction of the β2-integrin LFA-1 with its ligand intercellular adhesion molecule 1 induces remodeling of T lymphocyte morphology and activation and redistribution of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases FAK and PYK-2
The sheddase activity of ADAM17/TACE is regulated by the tetraspanin CD9
ADAM17/TACE is a metalloproteinase
responsible for the shedding of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-a and many other cell surface proteins involved in
development, cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and
proliferation. Despite the important biological function of
ADAM17, the mechanisms of regulation of its metalloproteinase activity remain largely unknown. We report here that
the tetraspanin CD9 and ADAM17 partially co-localize on
the surface of endothelial and monocytic cells. In situ
proximity ligation, co-immunoprecipitation, crosslinking,
and pull-down experiments collectively demonstrate a direct
association between these molecules. Functional studies
reveal that treatment with CD9-specific antibodies or
neoexpression of CD9 exert negative regulatory effects on
ADAM17 sheddase activity. Conversely, CD9 silencing
increased the activity of ADAM17 against its substrates
TNF-a and ICAM-1. Taken together, our results show that
CD9 associates with ADAM17 and, through this interaction,
negatively regulates the sheddase activity of ADAM17s. This work was supported by
grants BFU2007-66443/BMC and BFU2010-19144/BMC from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, a grant from Fundación de
Investigación Médica Mutua Madrileña and by RETICS Program
RD08/0075-RIER (Red de Inflamacio´n y Enfermedades Reumáticas)
from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (to C.C.), a grant from Fundación de
Investigación Médica Mutua Madrileña (to M.D.G.L.), and grants
PI080794 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (to M.Y-M) and
SAF2007-60578 from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (to
E.M.L.). M.D.G.L. was supported by a contract associated to grant
SAF2004-01715 from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacio´n. S.O. was
supported by an I3P predoctoral Fellowship from Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and by a contract associated to
grant BFU2007-66443/BMC from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacio´n. A.G. has been supported by a predoctoral Fellowship from
Instituto de Salud Carlos III and by grant BFU2007-66443/BMC from
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.Peer reviewe
Galls of the temperate forest of southern South America: Argentina and Chile. In: Neotropical Insect Galls
South American temperate forests are of special conservation concern due to their highly endemic flora and fauna, and the occurrence of unique plant-animal interactions. Yet, knowledge regarding gall inducers diversity is limited although increasing rapidly in the last two decades. Here, we performed a review of the literature, supplemented with field collected data by the authors, in order to provide the most up to date knowledge of gall inducers\u2019 diversity associated with native woody species of the temperate forest of Chile and Argentina. We present data for 90 morphospecies of galls associated with 39 host-plant species (21 genera, 15 families), spanning insects and arachnids of at least 6 orders and nematodes. Most of this richness is associated to the best surveyed host-plant genus, Nothofagus, with up to 43 morphospecies of galls in just 8 dominant tree species. Moreover, we provide evidence that gall species richness across all woody host-plant species decreases with elevation, probably driven by decreased temperature and number of available host-plant species. However, this overall trend vary among host plant species and scales of observation. Overall, the study of gall diversity and the biotic and abiotic factors that shape their distribution in these austral forests offer an exciting and fertile field for future research. Besides emphasizing the need for more in depth taxonomic and diversity studies of the gall fauna of these forests, we propose several future lines of research that promise to further elucidate our understanding of the evolution of plant-gall interactions in these forests