Separation of Lignin from Lignocellulosic Hydrolyzates using Polymeric Flocculants and Fibrous Depth Filter Media

Lignocellulosic hydrolysates contain significant amount of colloidal lignin and its removal is vital since it inhibits fermentation, hinders oligomer hydrolysis and affects filtration. Flocculation of lignin prior to filtration is viable and previous research (Yasarla & Ramarao, 2012) demonstrated PEO’s ability to form complexes with lignin in the hydrolyzate. PEO viscosity was determined precisely to use as a control variable for flocculant quality. Flocculation efficiency of PEO in hydrolyzates was studied using parameters such as supernatant turbidity, sedimentation rate, filtration rate and cake permeability. Concentrations, dosages and molecular weights of PEO during flocculation were varied to study its effects. Multicomponent flocculation using APAM and p- DADMAC demonstrated better lignin removal than PEO flocculation. Addition of wood pulp as a filter media to PEO was based on incorporating both flocculation and filtration as a single operation. A depth filtration model was fitted using assumed parameters to obtain concentration profile and filter efficiency

Ultrastructural Responses of Wheat Root Cap Cells to Aluminum

Botan

The Problem of Obscurity in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens

Terry Teachout, a music critic, quotes a passage from the famous painter Fairfield Porter\u27s book, Art in Its Own Terms: Selected Criticism, 1935-1975: Some art has a very open meaning, and can be written about in terms of this meaning; but the chances are that if the meaning is the most interesting thing about it, it does not stand alone, it does not assert itself. It leans on what it means. An implied meaning is richer. When Teachout first read these words, he says, I immediately snapped to attention-it was as if an invisible man had clapped his hands next to my ear. These words-both Porter\u27s and Teachout\u27s-might well be spoken about Wallace Stevens..

The problem of obscurity in the poetry of Wallace Stevens

Although twentieth century literature is by and large difficult to read, Stevens\u27s Poetry stands out as particularly obscure. From the beginning of his poetic output, readers and critics have expressed opinions and vented frustrations about the difficulty in understanding his poetry. Such reactions elicited from Stevens not only a great deal of letter writing but also public lectures and other writings--his reluctant responses to the nagging issue of obscurity. This study locates Stevens\u27s obscurity in the rational-irrational aspect, symbols, titles, vocabulary, and modernism. While Stevens\u27s poetry radiates the brilliance of rational activity, his poetry also embodies irrationality. He packed poetry with ideas, often philosophical ones. At the same time he insisted that poetry stems from inexplicable sources such as the unconscious and personal sensibility. The combination of the rational and irrational elements in his poetry helps to explain part of his obscurity. Stevens\u27s symbols contribute to the density of his poetry. Reality\u27s complexity and the imagination\u27s versatility constantly call for symbolic activity. Weaving webs of intricate symbolic shapes and forms, Stevens left his unique mark on them. Because his symbols are fiercely private, readers have trouble entering them. By analyzing the metonymic and metaphorical aspects of his poetry, one can gain insight into Stevens\u27s symbolism. However, Stevens himself did not believe that his symbols could become fully accessible because, as he said, a poem of symbols exists for itself. You do not pierce an actor\u27s make-up. Because words are inadequate communicators, Stevens tended to infuse his poetry with painterly and musical qualities. Approximating those qualities, his poetry experiments with atmosphere, mood, and even playfulness. In the process, the referential function of the verbal medium is discounted. Because readers are challenged to go beyond the words of the poem to what the words are struggling, at times failing, to communicate, Stevens\u27s poetry cannot but be experienced as difficult. During the modernist period, not only literature but also such arts as painting, music, dance, sculpture, and architecture featured distinctive characteristics of new styles, concepts, forms, and subject matter. Stevens\u27s obscurity must be viewed against the larger movement of modernist experimentation. By studying Stevens in relation to other modernists such as T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and William Carlos Williams, one can appreciate Stevens\u27s unique brand of obscurity as well as modernism\u27s preoccupation with complex ways of capturing multifaceted reality

Evaluation of an interprofessional naloxone didactic and skills session with medical residents and physician assistant learners

Background: The CDC has reported 399,230 opioid-related deaths from 1999-2017. In 2018, the US surgeon general issued a public health advisory, advising all Americans to carry naloxone. Studies show that enhanced naloxone access directly reduces death from opioid overdose. Despite this, health care professional learners report low knowledge and confidence surrounding naloxone. Therefore, it becomes critical that medical education programs incorporate didactic and experiential sessions improving knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding harm reduction through naloxone. Objectives: 1. Describe the components and evaluation of a replicable and adaptable naloxone didactic and skills session model for medical providers; 2. Report the results of the evaluation from a pilot session with family medicine residents and physician assistant students; and 3. Share the session toolkit, including evaluation surveys and list of materials used. Methods: In July 2017, a literature search was completed for naloxone skill training examining best practices on instruction and evaluation. A training session for family medicine residents and physician assistant learners was designed and led by University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and College of Pharmacy faculty. The same faculty designed a pre and post session evaluation form through internal review on elements targeting naloxone knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy. Results: The training session included one hour for a didactic and one hour for small group live skills demonstration in four methods of naloxone administration (syringe and ampule, nasal atomizer, branded nasal spray and auto injector). Forty-eight participants showed statistically significant (p<0.05) improvement in knowledge (67.5% to 95.9%), attitudes (71.2% to 91.2%), and self-efficacy (62.1% to 97.8%) from pre to post assessment. Forty-four of 48 participants agreed that the pace of the training was appropriate and that the information will be of use in their respective primary care practices. Supply costs for the session were USD 1,200, with the majority being reusable on subsequent trainings. Conclusions: Our study of a naloxone didactic and skills session for primary care trainees demonstrated significant improvements in knowledge, self-efficacy, and attitudes. It provides an adaptable and efficient model for delivery of knowledge and skills in naloxone administration training. The pilot data suggest that the training was efficacious

Aluminium tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): physiological mechanisms, genetics and screening methods

Aluminium (Al) toxicity is one of the major limiting factors for barley production on acid soils. It inhibits root cell division and elongation, thus reducing water and nutrient uptake, consequently resulting in poor plant growth and yield. Plants tolerate Al either through external resistance mechanisms, by which Al is excluded from plant tissues or internal tolerance mechanisms, conferring the ability of plants to tolerate Al ion in the plant symplasm where Al that has permeated the plasmalemma is sequestered or converted into an innocuous form. Barley is considered to be most sensitive to Al toxicity among cereal species. Al tolerance in barley has been assessed by several methods, such as nutrient solution culture, soil bioassay and field screening. Genetic and molecular mapping research has shown that Al tolerance in barley is controlled by a single locus which is located on chromosome 4H. Molecular markers linked with Al tolerance loci have been identified and validated in a range of diverse populations. This paper reviews the (1) screening methods for evaluating Al tolerance, (2) genetics and (3) mechanisms underlying Al tolerance in barley