Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Chronic neutral phosphate supplementation induces sustained, renal metabolic alkalosis

Chronic neutral phosphate supplementation induces sustained, renal metabolic alkalosis. The aim of the present study was to test whether intravenous neutral phosphate supplementation, recently shown in our laboratory to acutely stimulate proton secretion in the distal nephron, was able to induce a sustained metabolic alkalosis. Neutral Na and K phosphate supplementation for seven days, with equivalent reduction in chloride supply and unchanged intake of sodium and potassium, in ADX rats receiving fixed physiological doses of aldosterone and dexa-methasone (group 1, N = 7), was responsible for a severe metabolic alkalosis (MA; Δ [HCO3] 11 ± 1.3mM, and Δ pH 0.11 ± 0.06 unit). Metabolic alkalosis was at least in part of renal origin, since net acid excretion (NAE) transiently increased, principally due to an increment in titratable acid excretion rate. Balances were equilibrated for sodium and negative for chloride and potassium, which may have contributed to the severity of the MA. Chronic i.v. neutral Na phosphate, without change in potassium and chloride supply, in ADX rats receiving the same doses of steroids (group 2, N = 5), was responsible for a less severe MA (Δ [HCO3] 7.5 ± 0.9mM, and Δ pH 0.07 ± 0.01 unit), also of renal origin. In this group, balances were positive for chloride and sodium and equilibrated for potassium. Finally, neutral Na and K phosphate supplementation with reduction in chloride supply in intact rats (group 3, N = 4) was also able to induce a MA (Δ [HCO3] 5.5 ± 1.8mM, and Δ pH 0.06 ± 0.01 unit) of renal origin, with balances negative for chloride and equilibrated for potassium and sodium. In all groups, the generation and maintenance of MA probably resulted from stimulated proton secretion in the distal nephron, as suggested by the observed increase of PCO2 over HCO3 concentration ratio in the urine and a fall in urine pH despite augmented urinary buffer content throughout the phosphate infusion period. Glomerular filtration rate did not significantly vary in any group. In conclusion, chronic supplementation of neutral phosphate appears to stimulate per se proton secretion in the distal nephron, independently of sodium, chloride, and potassium balances, and adrenal steroid secretion. Thus neutral phosphate supplementation should be added to the previously known factors able to induce MA

Les sites ecclésiaux et monastiques de l’archipel du Kvarner (Croatie), campagne 2017 : Martinšćica (île de Cres)

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ALISA, une alimentation saine et durable, conception d'un programme de prévention pour les personnes de plus de 55 ans

National audienceIntroduction et but de l’étudeDans le contexte d'une population vieillissante, où près de 20% des individus ont dépassé l'âge de 65 ans (1), la préservation du capital santé, la qualité de l’alimentation et le maintien de l'autonomie deviennent des enjeux essentiels. Ces éléments rejoignent des défis sociétaux tels que la transition alimentaire, la durabilité, l'accessibilité alimentaire, le bien-être et le plaisir alimentaire. Pour relever ceux-ci, un programme de prévention dédié à l'alimentation des seniors a été conçu en se basant sur leurs besoins et attentes. Le but de cette étude est de concevoir un programme adapté, à destination des plus de 55 ans.Matériel et méthodes45 sujets de plus de 55 ans ont été recrutés dans un pôle senior, un centre social et une résidence autonomie afin de former six groupes (7 participants par groupe) de discussion. La majorité, soit 24 d'entre eux, avaient plus de 76 ans, 42 étaient des femmes, 3 étaient des hommes, 42 étaient des retraités. Le guide d'animation comprend six catégories de thématiques en relation avec l'alimentation, les connaissances sur l'alimentation saine, la sensibilité à la notion de durabilité, les pratiques alimentaires (approvisionnement en cuisine, environnement du repas), et le lien intergénérationnel. L’analyse a été réalisée à partir d’observations lors des ateliers et d'entretiens posts-ateliers.Résultats et analyses statistiquesL’analyse a montré que les principaux verbatims associés au rôle de l'alimentation étaient le plaisir, la convivialité, la contrainte, la nécessité, et le traditionnel. Concernant la conception de l'alimentation saine, les catégories identifiées sont : les produits (fruits, légumes, produits non traités, non préparés), l'équilibre, la diversité, les caractéristiques des aliments (de saison, biologiques), la santé (respect des avis médicaux, gestion du poids), et les contraintes (budget, accessibilité et variété, motivation à cuisiner pour soi). Concernant les pratiques alimentaires, les principaux lieux fréquentés pour les courses sont les supermarchés, suivis des marchés, des producteurs locaux et des petits commerces. Les critères de choix comprennent la diversité, l'aspect, la fraîcheur et les indicateurs de qualité. Les difficultés rencontrées sont le manque de diversité, la routine alimentaire, les étiquettes trop complexes et le marketing trompeur. De plus, certains participants cuisinent régulièrement tandis que d'autres optent pour des plats préparés. Globalement, cette population fréquente rarement les restaurants. Certains voient la cuisine comme une corvée, d'autres comme un plaisir, surtout en présence d'invités. Certains sont curieux d'apprendre de nouvelles techniques et recettes simples, ainsi que d'explorer les cuisines du monde. En ce qui concerne l'environnement du repas, ceux en compagnie sont préférés aux repas solitaires. Le lien intergénérationnel a également été abordé, mettant en évidence deux attitudes dominantes : le désir de procurer du plaisir aux petits-enfants et l'intention d'apporter une éducation alimentaire à ces derniers. Ainsi, un programme appelé ALISA, « ALImentation Saine durable et Accessible », en 4 ateliers participatifs a été construit et proposé à des villes partenaires. Le premier atelier est axé sur le souvenir et la notion de plaisir pour embarquer les participants grâce à une dégustation d’un aliment en pleine conscience. Ensuite, un jeu de cartes «Question pour un oignon» vient apporter des notions essentielles en termes d’alimentation pour les seniors, suivi d’un atelier apportant des conseils pratiques pour mieux appréhender les repas, via la lecture d’étiquettes, les méthodes d’approvisionnements ou encore la notion de durabilité. Enfin, un atelier pratique culinaire avec un livret de recettes adaptées, simples, et à petit budget est proposé.ConclusionLes résultats de ces groupes de discussion ont orienté les contenus des actions de proximité destinées à ce public. Plusieurs thématiques sont ressorties permettant de construire 4 ateliers portant sur le souvenir, les besoins nutritionnels, la durabilité et l’accessibilité ainsi que les découvertes et pratiques culinaires. Des divergences ont été observées au sein des groupes concernant la perception de l'alimentation comme une corvée quotidienne pour certains, et comme un plaisir et une source de curiosité pour d'autres. Par conséquent il est essentiel de, placer le plaisir et le divertissement au coeur des actions de proximité visant l’alimentation des personnes de plus de 55 ans

Global mean diffusivity: A radiomarker discriminating good outcome long term after traumatic brain injury

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