Tocqueville et le problème de la « langue démocratique » : le cas de l’anglais américain

La communication analyse un chapitre de la Démocratie en Amérique où Tocqueville décrit « comment la démocratie américaine a modifié la langue anglaise », posant par là un problème linguistique capital, car les contacts et les conflits ne concernent pas, dans ce cas, deux langues différentes, mais les contextes sociaux opposés où la même langue a évolué et les effets qui en dérivent. En résumant les plus importants : l'anglais américain non seulement produit beaucoup de nouveaux mots (souvent tirés du jargon des partis, des arts mécaniques, des affaires), mais donne un sens nouveau aux mots anciens ; ce que la langue acquiert en richesse lexicale, elle le perd en précision, car le sens des mots se trouve constamment « dans une situation ambulatoire » ; les règles gouvernant l'emploi des différents styles linguistiques disparaissent, car « non seulement tout le monde emploie les mêmes mots, mais on s'habitue à employer indifféremment chacun d'eux ». On montre aussi comment, à partir de l’observation empirique de la langue américaine et par un procédé hypothético-déductif, Tocqueville dessine les traits généraux de la langue démocratique, c’est-à-dire des modifications que les langues subissent dans les sociétés démocratiques

Tocqueville et l’esprit de la démocratie, textes réunis par Laurence Guellec

Il volume propone come pubblicazione a parte un numero speciale della rivista franco-americana «The Tocqueville Review» / «La Revue Tocqueville», dedicato all’autore di cui essa porta il nome nel bicentenario della nascita e composto di una selezione dei saggi apparsi nel quarto di secolo dalla sua fondazione. L’intento è d’offrire «un Tocqueville au pluriel […], par la diversité des interprétations et des méthodes de commentaire» (p. 16), chiamando a raccolta competenze disciplinari diverse,..

Spectrometric determination of flavonoids from Maytenus (Celastraceae) and Passiflora (Passifloraceae) leaves and comparison with an HPLC-UV method

Este trabalho apresenta uma modificação dos procedimentos descritos nas Farmacopéias Francesa e Européia para a análise de flavonoides de Passiflora incarnata L., Passifloraceae, por espectrometria UV-Visível e propõe a sua aplicação na determinação dos flavonoides totais das folhas da espinheira-santa (Maytenus aquifolium Mart. e Maytenus ilicifolia (Schrad.) Planch., Celastraceae) e do maracujá (Passiflora edulis Sims. e Passiflora alata Curtis, Passifloraceae). Os resultados obtidos por espectrometria no UV-Visível foram comparados aos obtidos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE-UV), encontrando-se resultados estatisticamente similares entre os métodos espectrométrico modificado da Farmacopéia Francesa e CLAE-UV.This paper reports on a modification of the spectrometric procedures originally described in the French and European Pharmacopoeia for the analysis of Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) flavonoids, proposing its application in the determination of total flavonoids from "espinheira-santa" (Maytenus aquifolium Mart. and Maytenus ilicifolia (Schrad.) Planch., Celastraceae) and "maracujá" leaves (Passiflora edulis Sims and Passiflora alata Curtis, Passifloraceae). A comparison was made of the results obtained by the spectrometric procedure with those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV), which demonstrated complete compatibility between the modified French Pharmacopoeia (spectrometric) and HPLC-UV methods.FAPESPCNPqCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES

PÉ DIABÉTICO: PERFIL METABÓLICO E SOCIOECONÔMICO DE PACIENTES ATENDIDOS PELO LABORATÓRIO DE ENSINO E PESQUISA DA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE MARINGÁ

O pé diabético é uma das complicações crônicas mais devastadoras em pacientes diabéticos, gerando alto impacto social e econômico, além de diminuir a qualidade de vida. Neste estudo exploratório-descritivo foram avaliados 39 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 (PDT2), atendidos pelo Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (agosto/2009 e abril/2010). Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma entrevista para obtenção de informações sobre o perfil socioeconômico e a avaliação laboratorial da glicemia e lipidemia (perfil metabólico). Os resultados revelaram: prevalência do gênero feminino, média de idade de 60,1 ± 9,5 anos, 71,8% tinham Ensino Fundamental incompleto, 61,5% eram casados, 74,3% eram sedentários, o tempo de doença foi de 9,2 ± 7,3 anos, 53,8% desconheciam os cuidados e complicações do pé e 70,6% estavam com a hemoglobina glicada alterada. Conclui-se que a baixa escolaridade e pouco conhecimento em relação à doença comprometem o processo de autocuidado, aumentando as chances do aparecimento das complicações crônicas

Adherence to treatment in allergic rhinitis using mobile technology. The MASK Study

Background: Mobile technology may help to better understand the adherence to treatment. MASK-rhinitis (Mobile Airways Sentinel NetworK for allergic rhinitis) is a patient-centred ICT system. A mobile phone app (the Allergy Diary) central to MASK is available in 22 countries. Objectives: To assess the adherence to treatment in allergic rhinitis patients using the Allergy Diary App. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was carried out on all users who filled in the Allergy Diary from 1 January 2016 to 1 August 2017. Secondary adherence was assessed by using the modified Medication Possession Ratio (MPR) and the Proportion of days covered (PDC) approach. Results: A total of 12143 users were registered. A total of 6949 users reported at least one VAS data recording. Among them, 1887 users reported >= 7 VAS data. About 1195 subjects were included in the analysis of adherence. One hundred and thirty-six (11.28%) users were adherent (MPR >= 70% and PDC = 70% and PDC = 1.50) and 176 (14.60%) were switchers. On the other hand, 832 (69.05%) users were non-adherent to medications (MPR Conclusion and clinical relevance: Adherence to treatment is low. The relative efficacy of continuous vs on-demand treatment for allergic rhinitis symptoms is still a matter of debate. This study shows an approach for measuring retrospective adherence based on a mobile app. This also represents a novel approach for analysing medication-taking behaviour in a real-world setting.Peer reviewe

Second asymptomatic carotid surgery trial (ACST-2): a randomised comparison of carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy

Background: Among asymptomatic patients with severe carotid artery stenosis but no recent stroke or transient cerebral ischaemia, either carotid artery stenting (CAS) or carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can restore patency and reduce long-term stroke risks. However, from recent national registry data, each option causes about 1% procedural risk of disabling stroke or death. Comparison of their long-term protective effects requires large-scale randomised evidence. Methods: ACST-2 is an international multicentre randomised trial of CAS versus CEA among asymptomatic patients with severe stenosis thought to require intervention, interpreted with all other relevant trials. Patients were eligible if they had severe unilateral or bilateral carotid artery stenosis and both doctor and patient agreed that a carotid procedure should be undertaken, but they were substantially uncertain which one to choose. Patients were randomly allocated to CAS or CEA and followed up at 1 month and then annually, for a mean 5 years. Procedural events were those within 30 days of the intervention. Intention-to-treat analyses are provided. Analyses including procedural hazards use tabular methods. Analyses and meta-analyses of non-procedural strokes use Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN21144362. Findings: Between Jan 15, 2008, and Dec 31, 2020, 3625 patients in 130 centres were randomly allocated, 1811 to CAS and 1814 to CEA, with good compliance, good medical therapy and a mean 5 years of follow-up. Overall, 1% had disabling stroke or death procedurally (15 allocated to CAS and 18 to CEA) and 2% had non-disabling procedural stroke (48 allocated to CAS and 29 to CEA). Kaplan-Meier estimates of 5-year non-procedural stroke were 2·5% in each group for fatal or disabling stroke, and 5·3% with CAS versus 4·5% with CEA for any stroke (rate ratio [RR] 1·16, 95% CI 0·86–1·57; p=0·33). Combining RRs for any non-procedural stroke in all CAS versus CEA trials, the RR was similar in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (overall RR 1·11, 95% CI 0·91–1·32; p=0·21). Interpretation: Serious complications are similarly uncommon after competent CAS and CEA, and the long-term effects of these two carotid artery procedures on fatal or disabling stroke are comparable. Funding: UK Medical Research Council and Health Technology Assessment Programme

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

The reference site collaborative network of the european innovation partnership on active and healthy ageing

Seventy four Reference Sites of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA) have been recognised by the European Commission in 2016 for their commitment to excellence in investing and scaling up innovative solutions for active and healthy ageing. The Reference Site Collaborative Network (RSCN) brings together the EIP on AHA Reference Sites awarded by the European Commission, and Candidate Reference Sites into a single forum. The overarching goals are to promote cooperation, share and transfer good practice and solutions in the development and scaling up of health and care strategies, policies and service delivery models, while at the same time supporting the action groups in their work. The RSCN aspires to be recognized by the EU Commission as the principal forum and authority representing all EIP on AHA Reference Sites. The RSCN will contribute to achieve the goals of the EIP on AHA by improving health and care outcomes for citizens across Europe, and the development of sustainable economic growth and the creation of jobs

Tra tradizionalismo e liberalismo : i conservatori positivisti della seconda metà del secolo XIX

È oggetto d'indagine un complesso di idee storico-politiche sviluppate dagli intellettuali della generazione positivista in Francia, a partire dalle quali si congiungono due famiglie politiche prima distinte, quella liberale e quella tradizionalista. Se la definizione della sfera delle libertà individuali e dell'ambito e delle funzioni dello Stato resta in questi autori quella propria dei liberali, essi abbandonano però l'idea che la realizzazione di tali principi si sia avuta nell'89, e individuano nelle «libertà» d'antico regime il nucleo da cui si sarebbero dovute sviluppare, per evoluzione «naturale» ? «storica», le istituzioni liberali moderne. Sulla scia di Burke, ma ponendosi anche alla scuola delle nuove scienze biologiche, essi privilegiano i condizionamenti storici ed ambientali cui l'uomo soggiace, ciò che li porta a (v. retro) rifiutare l'azione costruttrice della volontà nella storia, ipotesi iniziale del liberalismo. Per questi aspetti il loro pensiero appare come una delle fonti principali cui s'è alimentata la nuova destra di fine secolo.Pozzi Regina. Tra tradizionalismo e liberalismo : i conservatori positivisti della seconda metà del secolo XIX . In: Les familles politiques en Europe occidentale au XIXe siècle. Actes du colloque international de Rome (1er-3 décembre 1994), organisé par l'École française de Rome, le Dipartimento di politica, istituzioni, storia dell'Università degli studi di Bologna, le Centre d'histoire de l'Europe du XXe siècle (Paris) et l'Universidad Complutense (Madrìd) Rome : École Française de Rome, 1997. pp. 115-128. (Publications de l'École française de Rome, 240