Understanding Race Relations as an Aspect of the Management of Military Personnel

No other major segment of American society has dealt with institutional racial segregation with the swiftness and thoroughness of the military. Dis• criminatory practices in industry, com­merce, schools, colleges1 and housing continue today on a far larger scale and with much greater persistence than in the armed services. Some knowledge of these facts is essential if one is to properly describe and assess today\u27s military race problem

Lymphocyte migration through the blood brain barrier (BBB) in feline immunodeficiency virus infection is significantly influenced by the pre-existence of virus and TNF-&#945; within the CNS: studies using an <i>in vitro</i> feline BBB model

&lt;b&gt;Aims&lt;/b&gt;: In HIV infection, macrophage-tropic and lymphotropic viruses exist in the host. Central nervous system (CNS) infection is an early and ongoing event, important to understand when developing strategies to treat infection. Some knowledge exists on macrophage-tropic virus interactions with the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the aim of this study was to investigate lymphotropic lentivirus interactions with the BBB. &lt;b&gt;Methods&lt;/b&gt;: Interactions of the lymphotropic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) with an &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; model of the feline BBB were evaluated in scenarios to mimic &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; infections. &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;: Cell-free FIV crossed the BBB in very low quantities, and in the presence of TNF-[alpha], BBB integrity was unaffected. However, cell-associated FIV readily crossed the BBB, but BBB integrity was not significantly altered. Transmigration of uninfected and infected lymphocytes increased in response to TNF-[alpha], accompanied by a moderate disruption of barrier integrity and an up-regulation of VCAM-1 rather than ICAM-1. Significant enhancement of migration and disruption of BBB tight junctions occurred when infected cells and TNF-[alpha] were added to the brain side of the BBB and this enhancement was not mediated through additional TNF-[alpha] production. &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;: Small quantities of virus in the brain together with TNF-[alpha] have the potential to stimulate greater cell and viral entry into the CNS and this is likely to involve important factors other than further TNF-[alpha] production. Lymphotropic lentivirus entry to the CNS is governed by many factors similar to macrophage-tropic strains