Divisi-Divisi Negrito Di Asia-Pasifik

This article discusses the distribution of the Negritos in Asia and the Pacific, the Negritos are widely distributed from the Andama Islands to the Moluccas in the east, and the Philippine Islands in the north. Traces of the Negritos were also found in several areas such as Japan, Taiwan, and mainland China which are no longer found. The Negrito are the original inhabitants of the Asia and Pacific region, they live in this region as a native. The Negritos themselves admit that they are out of the land, where they live. On the other hand, paleoanthropologists, archaeologists and anthropologists say the Negritos reached the areas they lived in between 35,000 - 40,000 years ago, before the Malays invaded these areas. The population of the Negritos has been largely extinct due to foreign invasions, assimilation, and attacks by various deadly diseases. Their remains are currently found in Andama, the Malay Peninsula, southern Thailand, the islands of Timor, Molucca, and the northern Philippines. This research was carried out using descriptive methods and literature research methods from various references written by anthropologists, archaeologists, linguists, experts’ geologists and biologists. In addition, observation techniques and internet media as supporting methods in this study. The purpose of this research is to find information and data to find traces of the Negritos people, their authenticity and distribution, the remaining pockets of the Negritos and the extinction of their own ancestral land

Mitologi, Kosmologi dan Religi Orang Sentani

This article describes the culture of the Sentani people who inhabit the area around of Sentani Lake and its surroundings. This study describes the views of the Sentani people related to the mythological, cosmological and indigenous of religions in their culture. In Sentani culture, the world consists of three levers, the world in the ground as a high place for the spirits of the dead, the world on the earth's surface where humans live, and the world above the sky is occupied by the good and evil spirits. The world on the surface of the earth is divided into the world of human life, and the world of spirits, where spirits, gods and supernatural are inhabited starting from within the individual, in houses, villages to mountains, lakes, rivers, forests, rocks and seas. All spirits, gods and supernatural are connected through certain rites, symbols, and material cultural relations. These relations are concretized through art carvings, boats, house ornaments, rituals, body carvings, beads and drums, and others. This study intends to reveal and describe the structure of human cognition related to aspects of mythology, cosmology and public belief. This research is a descriptive type of research with an ethnographic approach that collects data through observation, in-depth interviews, and relevant literature studies

Pengaruh Disiplin kerja dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Kinerja karyawan pada pusat Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan Bidang Mesin dan Teknik Industri Bandung

ABSTRAK Dalam meningkatkan kinerja karyawan atau kinerja organisasi, perusahaan menempuh beberapa cara antara lain peningkatan kedisiplinan karyawan, meningkatkan budaya organisasi, serta menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang kondusif sehingga outputnya menuju pada pencapaian target yang tentukan sebelumnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh disiplin kerja dan budaya organisasi terhadap kinerja karyawan pada Pusat pengembangan dan pemberdayaan pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan bidang mesin dan industry (P4TK BMTI) Bandung. Metode yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif dengan analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi linier berganda. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah karyawan P4TK BMTI Bandung dengan jumlah populasi 220 dan sampel yang gunakan sebanyak 69 responden. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik Simple random sampling . Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tanggapan responden terhadap variabel kinerja karyawan, variabel disiplin kerja, dan variabel budaya organisasi berada dalam kategori sangat baik. Selanjutnya hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa disiplin kerja dan budaya organisasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan pada P4TK BMTI Bandung baik secara parsial maupun secara simultan Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini berdasarkan koefisien determinasi menunjukkan bahwa disiplin kerja dan budaya organisasi mempengaruhi kinerja karyawan sebesar 65,3% dan 34,7% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti. Kata Kunci : Manajemen sumber daya manusia, kinerja karyawan, disiplin kerja, budaya organisas

The expression of nuclear and membrane estrogen receptors in the European eel throughout spermatogenesis

[EN] Estradiol (E-2) can bind to nuclear estrogen receptors (ESR) or membrane estrogen receptors (GPER). While mammals possess two nuclear ESRs and one membrane GPER, the European eel, like most other teleosts, has three nuclear ESRs and two membrane GPERs, as the result of a teleost specific genome duplication. In the current study, the expression of the three nuclear ESRs (ESR1, ESR2a and ESR2b) and the two membrane GPERs (GPERa and GPERb) in the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis of the European eel was measured, throughout spermatogenesis. The eels were first transferred from freshwater (FW) to seawater (SW), inducing parallel increases in E2 plasma levels and the expression of ESRs. This indicates that salinity has a stimulatory effect on the E-2 signalling pathway along the BPG axis. Stimulation of sexual maturation by weekly injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induced a progressive decrease in E-2 plasma levels, and different patterns of expression of ESRs and GPERs in the BPG axis. The expression of nuclear ESRs increased in some parts of the brain, suggesting a possible upregulation due to a local production of E-2. In the testis, the highest expression levels of the nuclear ESRs were observed at the beginning of spermatogenesis, possibly mediating the role of E2 as spermatogonia renewal factor, followed by a sharply decrease in the expression of ESRs. Conversely, there was a marked increase observed in the expression of both membrane GPERs throughout spermatogenesis, suggesting they play a major role in the final stages of spermatogenesis.Funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (REPRO-TEMP project; AGL2013-41646-R) and IMPRESS (Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions; Grant agreement no: 642893). M.C. Vilchez has a predoctoral grant from UPV PAID Programme (2011-S2-02-6521), M. Morini has a predoctoral grant from Generalitat Valenciana (Programa Grisolia). D.S. Penaranda was supported by MICINN and UPV (PTA2011-4948-1).Morini, M.; Peñaranda, D.; Vilchez Olivencia, MC.; Tveiten, H.; Lafont, A.; Dufour, S.; Pérez Igualada, LM.... (2017). The expression of nuclear and membrane estrogen receptors in the European eel throughout spermatogenesis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 203:91-99. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.020S919920

Responsiveness of pituitary to galanin throughout the reproductive cycle of male European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

The neuropeptide galanin (Gal) is a putative factor regulating puberty onset and reproduction through its actions on the pituitary. The present study investigated the pituitary responsiveness to galanin and the patterns of galanin receptors (Galrs) expression throughout the reproductive cycle of two years old male European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), an important aquaculture species. Quantitative analysis of pituitary and hypothalamus transcript expression of four galr subtypes revealed differential regulation according to the testicular developmental stage, with an overall decrease in expression from the immature stage to the mid-recrudescence stage. Incubation of pituitary cells with mammalian 1-29 Gal peptide induced significant changes in cAMP concentration, with sensitivities that varied according to the testicular development stages. Furthermore 1-29 Gal was able to stimulate both follicle stimulating hormone (Fsh) and luteinizing hormone (Lh) release from pituitary cell suspensions. The magnitude of the effects and effective concentrations varied according to reproductive stage, with generalized induction of Fsh and Lh release in animals sampled in January (full spermiation). The differential expression of galrs in pituitary and hypothalamus across the reproductive season, together with the differential effects of Gal on gonadotropins release in vitro strongly suggests the involvement of the galaninergic system in the regulation the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis of male sea bass. This is to our knowledge the first clear evidence for the involvement of galanin in the regulation of reproduction in non-mammalian vertebrates. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.European Union Seventh Framework Programme [262336]Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN)Spanish Ministry of the Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) [AGL2009-11086]Spanish Ministry of the Economy and CompetitivenessRegional Government of Valencia [PROME-TEOH/2014/051]info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

A review on broodstock nutrition of marine pelagic spawners: the curious case of the freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.)

To sustain eel aquaculture, development of reproduction in captivity is vital. The aim of this review is to assess our current knowledge on the nutrition of broodstock eels in order to improve the quality of broodstock under farming conditions, drawing information from wild adult eels and other marine pelagic spawners. Freshwater eels spawn marine pelagic eggs with an oil droplet (type II), and with a large perivitelline space. Compared with other marine fish eggs, eel eggs are at the extreme end of the spectrum in terms of egg composition, even within this type II group. Eel eggs contain a large amount of total lipids, and a shortage of neutral lipids has been implied a cause for reduced survival of larvae. Eel eggs have higher ARA but lower EPA and DHA levels than in other fish. Too high levels of ARA negatively affected reproduction in the Japanese eel, although high levels of 18:2n-6 in the eggs of farmed eels were not detrimental. The total free amino acid amount and profile of eel eggs appears much different from other marine pelagic spawners. Nutritional intervention to influence egg composition seems feasible, but responsiveness of farmed eels to induced maturation might also require environmental manipulation. The challenge remains to succeed in raising European eel broodstock with formulated feeds and to enable the procurement of viable eggs and larvae, once adequate protocols for induced maturation have been developed