Infinite family of second-law-like inequalities

The probability distribution function for an out of equilibrium system may sometimes be approximated by a physically motivated "trial" distribution. A particularly interesting case is when a driven system (e.g., active matter) is approximated by a thermodynamic one. We show here that every set of trial distributions yields an inequality playing the role of a generalization of the second law. The better the approximation is, the more constraining the inequality becomes: this suggests a criterion for its accuracy, as well as an optimization procedure that may be implemented numerically and even experimentally. The fluctuation relation behind this inequality, -a natural and practical extension of the Hatano-Sasa theorem-, does not rely on the a priori knowledge of the stationary probability distribution.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

El enfrentamiento con Erasmo en el Gonsalus de Ginés de Sepúlveda.

Sin resume

Claves para la historia de un cultismo: «honesto». II. Siglos XV y XVI

This second part of the paper studies the repercussions of the use of honestum to translate the greek term kalovn in two of the most important translators of Aristotle and plato in the 15th Century, leonardo Bruni and Marsilio Ficino: the different criterion applied by Bruni to translate the same word in Aristotle or plato and the hard controversy with Alonso de Cartagena, as well as the important impact of Ficino’s translation of platonic Symposion in the new understanding of ‘honest love’. The paper also studies the controversy about the ethical value of honestum, especially as represented in Valla’s work.Esta segunda parte del trabajo estudia las repercusiones del empleo de honestum para traducir el griego kalovn en dos de los principales traductores de Aristóteles y de platón del siglo XV, leonardo Bruni y el diferente criterio utilizado por Bruni para traducir el mismo término en Aristóteles o en platón y la dura polémica con Alfonso de Cartagena, así como el gran impacto de la versión de Ficino del Symposion platónico en la nueva concepción del ‘amor honesto’. Asimismo aborda el debate en torno al valor moral de dicho concepto, reflejado especialmente en la obra de lorenzo Valla