Emergence and Migration of a Nearshore Bar: Sediment Flux and Morphological Change on a Multi-Barred Beach in the Great Lakes

Burley Beach (southeastern Lake Huron) exhibits a multi-barred shoreface, the long-term equilibrium morphology characteristic of many low angle, sandy beaches in the Canadian Great Lakes. During a single major storm, a new bar emerged 50-60 m offshore as an irregular trough-crest form, through differential erosion of an existing shore terrace. Emergence, bar growth and offshore migration were associated with: (a) an overall negative sediment balance in the inner surf zone initially (‑2.30 m3>/m beach width), but with a large positive sediment balance (+5.10 m3/m) subsequent to the storm peak and during the storm decay; (b) progradation of the beach step to produce a new shore terrace; and (c) offshore migration of the two outer bars to provide the accommodation space necessary for the new bar. The primary transport mechanisms accounting for emergence of the new bar, its growth and migration were: (a) the mean cross-shore currents (undertow), which always transported suspended sediment offshore; and (b) the onshore transport of suspended sediment by incident gravity wave frequencies early in the storm and subsequently by infragravity waves (at the storm peak and the decay period). The longshore transport of sediment was significant in terms of the gross transport, although the net result was only a small transport to the south-west (historic littoral transport direction). It did not cause bar initiation, but it may have supplied some of the sediment for bar growth. The primary mechanism for bar initiation and growth was the cross-shore displacement of sediment by wave-driven (oscillatory) transport and cross-shore mean currents (undertow).Émersion et migration d’une barre côtière : bilan sédimentaire et changements morphologiques d’une plage à barres multiples des Grands Lacs. La plage de Burley (sud-est du lac Huron) présente une avant-côte à barres multiples, état morphologique caractéristique de l’équilibre à long terme des plages sableuses à pente faible. Au cours d’un seul orage majeur, une nouvelle barre s’est développée à 50-60 m au large de la côte en forme de creux et crête irrégulière, suite à l’érosion d’une terrasse côtière. L’émersion, la croissance et la migration de la barre est attribuable à (a) un bilan sédimentaire négatif dans la zone interne du ressac (‑2,30 m3/m), mais à un bilan sédimentaire positif (+5,10 m3/m) durant l’apogée et la dissipation de l’orage, (b) l’exondation du gradin de plage pour générer une nouvelle terrasse côtière et (c) la migration de deux barres distales au large de la côte, laissant assez d’espace pour la mise en place d’une nouvelle barre. Les mécanismes de l’émersion, de la croissance et de la migration sont : (a) les contre-courants qui transportent les sédiments en suspension au large de la côte et (b) le transport vers la côte via la fréquence des vagues de gravité générées au début de l’orage et par les vagues d’infragravité subséquentes (au maximum de l’orage et durant sa dissipation). Le transport brut des sédiments est important, mais le résultat net correspond seulement à un léger transport vers le sud-ouest (direction historique du transit littoral). Ceci ne cause pas la création de la barre, mais peut contribuer aux apports sédimentaires nécessaires à sa croissance. Le mécanisme responsable de l’évolution des barres est le transport des sédiments par les vagues oscillatoires et les contre-courants

Exploring the evidence base for national and regional policy interventions to combat resistance

The effectiveness of existing policies to control antimicrobial resistance is not yet fully understood. A strengthened evidence base is needed to inform effective policy interventions across countries with different income levels and the human health and animal sectors. We examine three policy domains—responsible use, surveillance, and infection prevention and control—and consider which will be the most effective at national and regional levels. Many complexities exist in the implementation of such policies across sectors and in varying political and regulatory environments. Therefore, we make recommendations for policy action, calling for comprehensive policy assessments, using standardised frameworks, of cost-effectiveness and generalisability. Such assessments are especially important in low-income and middle-income countries, and in the animal and environmental sectors. We also advocate a One Health approach that will enable the development of sensitive policies, accommodating the needs of each sector involved, and addressing concerns of specific countries and regions

Clinical Applications of 980 nm Diode Laser for Soft Tissue Procedures in Prosthetic Restorative Dentistry

The purpose of these case reports is to analyze the results of gingivectomy and gingival troughing to determine the evidence on the effectiveness of laser-assisted soft tissue procedures and soft tissue management in aesthetic dentistry.The patients in these case reports underwent 980 nm diode laser assisted gingivectomy and gingival troughing to achieve immediate hemostasis and moisture control, adjunctive to the aesthetic restoration of the carious lesion and prosthetic rehabilitation of the posterior tooth.Successful healing of gingival tissues has been observed after 15 days in both cases. Also, laser assisted gingival tissue management allowed the operator to finish and polish the restoration on the same day.The ability of soft tissue lasers to control moisture and facilitate hemostasis appears particularly promising for clinicians excising gingival tissue, and using resective techniques for gingival troughing. Treatment with a dental laser ensures a successful aesthetic procedure with proper tissue form, function and biocompatibility

Regulating under constraint: the case of EU pharmaceutical policy

This study is concerned with the making of regulatory policy for pharmaceuticals in the European Union. It proposes that an ad hoc development of Community competencies which does not amount to coherent strategy, far less a single medicines market, has resulted in a regulatory framework which favours the interests of industry. This is important on two fronts. First, it appears to run counter to contemporary research into EU regulation, which finds that consumer interests prevail over those of producers generally. Second, this pro-industry leaning seems not to be in keeping with member states' regulatory frameworks at home, which developed primarily as a means of protecting consumers' health (patients) following the Thalidomide tragedy. In providing support for this contention, rather than adopting an economic frame of analysis to assess - quantitatively - how the industry benefits, the study instead proposes a political perspective to understand how policy decisions have been taken. Specifically, the study examines how supranational policy for pharmaceuticals is made with the context of a clash between the European Community's free movement of goods principles and, via the principle of subsidiarity, the right of the member states to decide their national healthcare priorities. The agenda and roles of the European Commission, the member states, consumer interests, and the industry as the sector's four primary stakeholders are scrutinised within this context. The analysis concentrates on policy level interactions, examining how the political considerations at stake over medicines have affected policy outcomes in specific instances. It is shown that the incomplete development of competencies is not just a result of the policy clash, but also because different policy impetuses (and stakeholders) have spurred different aspects of the framework. This involves the development of a multi-faceted theoretical lens in order to capture the complexities of making pharmaceutical policy at EU level. This lens is based on the understanding that EU pharmaceutical policy is made within policy networks consisting of the four stakeholders. To gain a better grasp of the dynamics at play, these networks are tied to a regulatory policy-making framework known as the 'politics of policy'. It is a view which identifies different modes of regulatory politicking on the basis of the perceived costs and benefits the proposed intervention would bring to affected interests. Linked with wider European integration and policy-making theories, including neo-functionalism, intergovernmentalism and multi-level governance, this allows for a more complete perspective on how policy is made for the sector. Via its broader approach, therefore, the study provides insight into the complexities of making supranational policy for medicines, especially with regard to the need to balance conflicting interests within the harmonisation process

Medical countermeasures for national security: a new government role in the pharmaceuticalization of society

How do governments contribute to the pharmaceuticalization of society? Whilst the pivotal role of industry is extensively documented, this article shows that governments too are accelerating, intensifying and opening up new trajectories of pharmaceuticalization in society. Governments are becoming more deeply invested in pharmaceuticals because their national security strategies now aspire to defend populations against health-based threats like bioterrorism and pandemics. To counter those threats, governments are acquiring and stockpiling a panoply of ‘medical countermeasures’ such as antivirals, next-generation vaccines, antibiotics and anti-toxins. More than that, governments are actively incentivizing the development of many new medical countermeasures – principally by marshaling the state's unique powers to introduce exceptional measures in the name of protecting national security. At least five extraordinary policy interventions have been introduced by governments with the aim of stimulating the commercial development of novel medical countermeasures: (1) allocating earmarked public funds, (2) granting comprehensive legal protections to pharmaceutical companies against injury compensation claims, (3) introducing bespoke pathways for regulatory approval, (4) instantiating extraordinary emergency use procedures allowing for the use of unapproved medicines, and (5) designing innovative logistical distribution systems for mass drug administration outside of clinical settings. Those combined efforts, the article argues, are spawning a new, government-led and quite exceptional medical countermeasure regime operating beyond the conventional boundaries of pharmaceutical development and regulation. In the first comprehensive analysis of the pharmaceuticalization dynamics at play in national security policy, this article unearths the detailed array of policy interventions through which governments too are becoming more deeply imbricated in the pharmaceuticalization of society

Association of Anterior Alveolar Dimensions with Different Sagittal Jaw Relationships

and sagittal jaw relationship. Methodology: This Cross-sectional study took place in Orthodontic Department, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, from August 2018 to January 2019. Patients of both genders ranging in age from 18 to 30 years were included. All the subjects, as per ANB angle, were grouped into three categories as (Class I = value between 1° and 4° for ANB angle), (Class II = value > 5° for ANB angle) and (Class III= value <1° for ANB angle). All the data was recorded in the Performa for the purpose of analysis. Results: A total of 90 patients were studied; their average age was 21.12+3.47 years and 52.2% were females. Mean upper posterior alveolus width was significantly higher in sagittal class II as 12.69 ± 5.52 than in sagittal class I and III p-value 0.058. The mean upper anterior alveolus height was found to be significantly greater in class I and III in contrast to class II p-value 0.028. Mean lower anterior alveolus width was insignificantly related with sagittal classification, p-value 0.343. Mean upper anterior alveolus width and lower posterior alveolus width were insignificantly related to sagittal classification, and the p-value were quite insignificant. Sagittal class II and III were significantly associated with female gender 0.021, while class I was linked to male gender p-value 0.021. Conclusion:  There was a significant association between dimensions of anterior alveolar among different vertical and sagittal jaw association