Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

BACKGROUND: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. METHODS: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. RESULTS: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future

Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3.5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.Peer reviewe

Practical guidelines for rigor and reproducibility in preclinical and clinical studies on cardioprotection

The potential for ischemic preconditioning to reduce infarct size was first recognized more than 30 years ago. Despite extension of the concept to ischemic postconditioning and remote ischemic conditioning and literally thousands of experimental studies in various species and models which identified a multitude of signaling steps, so far there is only a single and very recent study, which has unequivocally translated cardioprotection to improved clinical outcome as the primary endpoint in patients. Many potential reasons for this disappointing lack of clinical translation of cardioprotection have been proposed, including lack of rigor and reproducibility in preclinical studies, and poor design and conduct of clinical trials. There is, however, universal agreement that robust preclinical data are a mandatory prerequisite to initiate a meaningful clinical trial. In this context, it is disconcerting that the CAESAR consortium (Consortium for preclinicAl assESsment of cARdioprotective therapies) in a highly standardized multi-center approach of preclinical studies identified only ischemic preconditioning, but not nitrite or sildenafil, when given as adjunct to reperfusion, to reduce infarct size. However, ischemic preconditioning—due to its very nature—can only be used in elective interventions, and not in acute myocardial infarction. Therefore, better strategies to identify robust and reproducible strategies of cardioprotection, which can subsequently be tested in clinical trials must be developed. We refer to the recent guidelines for experimental models of myocardial ischemia and infarction, and aim to provide now practical guidelines to ensure rigor and reproducibility in preclinical and clinical studies on cardioprotection. In line with the above guideline, we define rigor as standardized state-of-the-art design, conduct and reporting of a study, which is then a prerequisite for reproducibility, i.e. replication of results by another laboratory when performing exactly the same experiment

Avaliação do grau de independência de idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência Evaluación de el grado de independencia de residentes en hogares para ancianos Assessment of the level of independence of elderly residents in long-term care institutions

As instituições de longa permanência abrigam um grande número de idosos dependentes, embora essa não seja condição sine qua non para que ocorra a institucionalização do idoso. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o grau de independência para a realização de atividades da vida diária (AVDs) dos idosos residentes nas instituições da cidade de Taubaté-SP, segundo avaliação baseada no Índice de Independência nas AVDs de Katz, realizada em dezembro de 2001 e repetida em maio de 2002. A primeira avaliação, feita com todos os residentes com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos (139 mulheres e 48 homens), mostrou que 70 idosos eram considerados independentes para o desempenho das AVDs, sendo que, dentre eles, 52 idosos tinham entre 70 e 89 anos. A segunda avaliação mostrou que 53 idosos mantiveram-se independentes. Os dados corroboram estudos anteriores que apontam para o declínio da capacidade funcional de idosos institucionalizados.<br>Las instituciones asilares abrigan un gran número de ancianos dependientes, aunque esta no sea la condición sine qua non para que ocurra la institucionalización del anciano. Este estudio investigó el grado de independencia para la ejecución de actividades de la vida diaria (AVDs) de los ancianos residentes en las instituciones asilares de la ciudad de Taubaté, Brasil, según la evaluación basada en el Índice de Independencia en AVDs de Katz, efectuada en diciembre de 2001 y en mayo de 2002. En la primera evaluación, hecha con todos los individuos con 60 años o más (139 mujeres y 48 hombres), 70 ancianos fueron considerados independientes según el Índice de Katz mientras, 52 de estos ancianos tenían entre 70 y 89 años. La segunda evaluación mostró que 53 ancianos mantuvieron su nivel de independencia. Los hallazgos confirmaron lo estudios anteriores que apuntan para la declinación de la capacidad funcional de ancianos institucionalizados.<br>Long-term care institutions shelter a large number of dependent elderly, although dependence is not the sine qua non condition for elderly institutionalization. This study aimed at identifying the independence level for the performance of activities of daily living (ADLs) of elderly residents in long-term care institutions in the city of Taubaté, State of São Paulo, according to an evaluation based on Katz's Index of Independence in ADLs. The first assessment was conducted in December of 2001 with all residents aged 60 or more (139 females and 48 males). Seventy subjects were considered independent for ADLs, 52 of them aged between 70 and 89. The second assessment, performed in May of 2002, revealed that 53 subjects remained independent for ADLs. The results corroborate previous studies that point to a decline in the independence level of institutionalized elderly subjects