Comparative histology of the human and teleost fish thymus / Histologia Comparativa de timo de humanos e peixes teleósteos

Thymus is considered a key component of the vertebrates’ immune system. It is an organ that is only found in these animals whose development may be accompanied through the evolutionary scale, being considered as a facilitator and regulator in the interaction of lymphoid cells and lymphoid organs. In this study not only a morphological but also functional homology were demonstrated, in that it affects the immune system, of the humans and teleost fish thymus. The material of study was composed of the thymus tissue samples of humans who were donated by the Department of Pathology of Hospital Parmenio Piñero, Buenos Aires Argentina belonging to two patients with ages between 6 and 8 years, as well as specimens of fish from different origins. The thymic tissue samples were submitted to histological analysis, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Through the data shown here it is possible to consider that, both in fish as in humans, there are two tracks in the modulation of the immune response, an afferent pathway that begins with the presentation of the antigen and an efferent pathway through which  the result of the lymphocytes, antibodies stimulation  or other effector mechanisms are canalized. In these two phases both in humans and in fish, a mixed population of lymphocytes, the differentiation of lymphocytes in the thymus and the T4 lymphocytes production, play a fundamental role in the success of the immune response. Keywords:

Educomunicação e suas áreas de intervenção: Novos paradigmas para o diálogo intercultural

oai:omp.abpeducom.org.br:publicationFormat/1O material aqui divulgado representa, em essência, a contribuição do VII Encontro Brasileiro de Educomunicação ao V Global MIL Week, da UNESCO, ocorrido na ECA/USP, entre 3 e 5 de novembro de 2016. Estamos diante de um conjunto de 104 papers executivos, com uma média de entre 7 e 10 páginas, cada um. Com este rico e abundante material, chegamos ao sétimo e-book publicado pela ABPEducom, em seus seis primeiros anos de existência. A especificidade desta obra é a de trazer as “Áreas de Intervenção” do campo da Educomunicação, colocando-as a serviço de uma meta essencial ao agir educomunicativo: o diálogo intercultural, trabalhado na linha do tema geral do evento internacional: Media and Information Literacy: New Paradigms for Intercultural Dialogue

Alterações vasculares em beijupirás cultivados em sistema offshore

Atualmente existe um crescente interesse no desenvolvimento de projetos visando à implantação do cultivo de beijupirá (Rachycentron canadum), necessitando ampliar os conhecimentos acerca das necessidades nutricionais, ciclo reprodutivo e hábito da espécie, principalmente se considerar que estes fatores podem desencadear o aparecimento de doenças, inclusive por patologias circulatórias. Dentre estas, destaca-se a aterosclerose, uma doença inflamatória crônica que conduz a alterações na parede arterial. No presente trabalho, foram pesquisadas doenças vasculares no peixe, sob o ponto de vista da anatomia patológica. Sendo assim, foram avaliadas morfologicamente alterações vasculares em tecidos coletados de beijupirá provenientes de cultivo offshore em Pernambuco. Amostras de tecido cardíaco foram coletadas e submetidas à histopatologia e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), para averiguar a presença de alterações, com posterior identificação de lesões vasculares sugestivas de aterosclerose. As lâminas histológicas foram coradas por hematoxilina-eosina (HE), alcian blue, ácido periódico de Schiffh (PAS) e reticulina de Gomori. Na análise morfométrica 158 vasos arteriais foram avaliados, sendo as imagens analisadas com auxílio de um software. Os dados referentes à proporção da área do lúmen em relação à área da túnica média foram analisados de acordo com os modelos de regressão Beta para taxas e proporções. Foram observadas lesões arteriais em todo período de cultivo, principalmente na parede vascular, com hiperplasia de túnica íntima e média, formação de placa ateromatosa, infiltração de células espumosas e sinais de estenose luminal. Por meio da MET foram observadas alterações na estrutura das coronárias, com espessamento do endotélio e membrana basal, proliferação de fibroblastos e fibras colágenas, com acúmulo de material lipídico subendotelial, resíduos celulares aderidos à membrana basal e vesículas pinocitóticas com presença de lisossomos isolados. Foi constatado que os peixes da espécie Rachycentron canadum criados em cativeiro desenvolvem lesão arterial do tipo crônica degenerativa inflamatória e que o aumento no ganho de peso contribui para a redução da área do lúmen, levando a obstrução arterial, possivelmente com envolvimento de fatores nutricionais no surgimento das lesões.Currently there is a growing interest in the development of projects aiming at the implementation of farmed beijupirá (Rachycentron canadum), requiring broaden knowledge about nutritional requirements, reproductive cycle and habit of the species, especially considering that these factors can trigger the onset of diseases, including circulatory diseases. Among them, atherosclerosis which is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to changes in the arterial wall. In the present study, were investigated vascular diseases in fish, in the point of view of pathological anatomy. Thus, were evaluated morphologically vascular changes in tissues collected from beijupirá farmed in offshore in Pernambuco. Cardiac tissue samples were collected and submitted to histopathology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the presence of alterations, with subsequent identification of vascular lesions suggestive of atherosclerosis. The histological slides were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), blue alcian, periodic acid of Schiffh (PAS) and reticulin of Gomori. In the morphometric analysis 158 arteries were evaluated, and the images were analyzed with the aid of software. The data concerning to the proportion of the lumen area compared to the area of the media tunic were analyzed according to the Beta regression models for rates and proportions. Arterial lesions were observed throughout the farmed period, especially in the vascular wall, with hyperplasia of intima and media tunic, formation of atheromatous plaque, infiltration of foam cells and signs of luminal stenosis. By means of TEM, were observed changes in the structure of coronary, with thickening of endothelium and basement membrane, proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen fibers, with accumulation of lipid material subendothelial, cell debris adhered in the basement membrane and presence of pinocytotics vesicles with isolated lysosomes. It was found that fish of the specie Rachycentron canadum farmed in captivity develop arterial lesion of chronic inflammatory degenerative type, and also it was found that the increase in weight gain contributes to the reduction of the lumen area, leading to arterial obstruction

Lesões anatomopatológicas associadas à ocorrência de bacterioses em tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) de diferentes sistemas de cultivo em Pernambuco/Brasil

A utilização de métodos, para identificação de agentes etiológicos, representa uma importante ferramenta para diagnosticar enfermidades e, consequentemente, tentar minimizar as perdas nas pisciculturas. Neste sentido, objetivou-se associar as lesões anatomopatológicas com a diversidade de bactérias encontradas em tilápias coletadas de diferentes sistemas de cultivo em Pernambuco. Foram coletadas 58 amostras de tilápias no período de estio e chuvoso, que foram submetidas à análises anatomopatológicas e bacteriológicas, tendo sido observada a ocorrência de Aeromonas spp. (29,3%), Vibrio spp. (41,4%) e enterobactérias dos gêneros Klebsiella spp. (17,2%), Leminorella spp. (1,7%), Obesumbacterium spp. (5,2%), Proteus spp. (1,7%), Providencia spp. (19%), Salmonella spp. (1,7%), Shigella spp. (1,7%) e Taturnella spp. (14%). Detectou-se uma dependência significativa (p < 0,05) das lesões anatomopatológicas, com as bactérias identificadas, como brânquias anêmicas, necrose no fígado e infiltrado eosinofílico no fígado nos animais com Aeromonas spp, lesões na superficie corporal e atrofia no baço nos casos com víbrios. Nos casos em que estiveram envolvidas enterobactérias de diferentes gêneros, observaram-se lesões nas nadadeiras, miocardite, necrose no fígado e no pâncreas e infiltrados inflamatórios nos fígado, podendo estar atribuídas ao desequilíbrio no ambiente. Esse desequilíbrio pode ter contribuído para a susceptibilidade dos animais frente aos agentes oportunistas, existindo também a possibilidade de estarem associadas à presença concomitante de Aeromonas spp, uma vez que houve uma correlação significativa (p < 0,05) na ocorrência de enterobactérias e Aeromonas spp. Verificou-se por meio de modelagem matemática, que os animais provenientes de fazendas de cultivo em tanques-rede, assim como os que possuem maiores comprimentos corporais, apresentaram melhor ganho de peso.The use of methods for identification of agents etiológicos represents an important tool to diagnose illnesses and consequently, to try to minimize the losses caused by the agent's permanence in the fish farmings. In this sense, it was aimed at to associate the lesions anatomopathological with the diversity of bacterias found in collected tilápias of different cultivation systems in Pernambuco. 58 tilápias samples were collected in the summertime period and rainy, that were submitted to analyses anatomopathological and bacteriological, having been observed the occurrence of Aeromonas spp. (29,3%), Vibrio spp. (41,4%) and enterobactérias of the goods Klebsiella spp. (17,2%), Leminorella spp. (1,7%), Obesumbacterium spp. (5,2%), Proteus spp. (1,7%), Providencia spp. (19%), Salmonella spp. (1,7%), Shigella spp. (1,7%) and Taturnella spp. (14%). A significant dependence was detected (p <0,05) of the lesions anatomopathological, with the identified bacterias, as anemic gills, necrosis in the liver and infiltrated eosinofílico in the liver in the animals with Aeromonas spp, lesions in the corporal surface and he/she atrophies in the spleen in the cases with víbrios, lesions in the fins, myocarditis, necrosis in the liver and in the pancreas and infiltrated inflammatory in the liver they were observed in the cases in that enterobactérias of different genders were involved, could be attributed to the unbalance in the atmosphere, contributing in the susceptibilidade of the animals front to these agents opportunists, also existing the possibility of they be associated to the concomitant presence of Aeromonas spp, once there was a significant correlation (p <0,05) in the enterobactérias occurrence and Aeromonas spp. It was verified, through mathematical modelling, that the coming animals of cultivation farms in tank-net, as well as the ones that possess larger corporal total lengths, they presented a better weight earnings.Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNP

Towards the Control of the Reproduction of the Yellow Clam <i>Amarilladesma mactroides</i> (Reeve, 1854) in Captivity: Effects of Different Stimuli on the Spawning of Laboratory-Conditioned and Unconditioned Breeders

The effects of temperature manipulation, addition of sperm solution, and exposure to alkalized pH and/or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as possible spawning inducers in laboratory-conditioned and unconditioned adults of the yellow clam (Amarilladesma mactroides) were evaluated. In three trials, clams were laboratory-conditioned for 14 days and exposed to thermal shocks (from 20 °C to 23–29 °C), while clams from three additional trials were not conditioned but acclimatized for 45 min before spawning induction. Although conditioning advanced gonad maturity and increased the condition factor, none of the thermal treatments triggered spawning in these first trials. Histological analysis indicated that the gonads of conditioned clams were not mature. Alternatively, unfertilized and fertilized eggs, and larvae were observed after unconditioned clams were induced to spawn. The gonads of unconditioned clams were in an advanced stage of maturity. Exposure to temperature shocks, alone or in combination with the addition of sperm solution and with H2O2, resulted in spawning. Clams exposed to H2O2 kept their valves closed and had a high mortality rate. Temperature manipulation is the most promising stimulus to induce spawning in A. mactroides. As the success of conditioning depends on the stage of gonadal development at the time of capture in the wild, a period longer than 14 days may be necessary

Histopathological effects of Amyloodinium ocellatum (E.-M.Brown) E.-M.Brown & Hovasse, 1946 (Alveolata: Dinophyseae) on the gills of Mugil liza (Valenciennes, 1836)

In this work, we describe lesions produced by the dinoflagellate protozoan Amyloodinium ocellatum on the gills of Mugil liza, which causes the velvet disease in several fish species. These parasites produce severe lesions in the gills, with hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae rupture of pillar cells, and hyperplasia of chloride cells (ionocytes). The gill structure is totally affected, which presumably impairs normal hematosis and electrolyte regulation and seriously compromises the fish's health. The lesions caused by A. ocellatum are responsible for high mortality rates in fish farms and economic losses in the industry. In the present study, we found cellular hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelium, epithelial disruption, the collapse of secondary lamellae, and various degenerative changes that seriously compromise the gill functioning.  En este trabajo, describimos lesiones producidas por el protozoario dinoflagelado Amyloodinium ocellatum en las branquias de Mugil liza, causante de la enfermedad del terciopelo en varias especies de peces. Estos parásitos producen lesiones severas en las branquias, con hiperplasia de las células lamelares primarias y secundaria, ruptura de las células pilares e hiperplasia de las células de cloruro (ionocitos). La estructura branquial queda totalmente afectada, lo que impide una hematosis normal y altera la actividad osmoreguladora comprometiendo la salud de los peces. Las lesiones producidas por A. ocellatum son responsable por las altas tasas de mortalidad en los cultivos de peces generando pérdidas económicas en el sector productivo. En el presente trabajo, encontramos hiperplasia de células lamelares del epitelio respiratorio, disrupción epitelial, colapso de las laminillas secundarias y otras alteraciones que comprometen seriamente la función branquial

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data