Determinants of sports volunteering and sports volunteer time in England

This article uses the largest available data set in the United Kingdom to identify the determinants of the decision to volunteer in sport and the amount of time contributed to it. Sport in England relies heavily on volunteers for delivery of participation, which is important for government policy, particularly the Big Society and especially in an environment of public expenditure cuts. Yet intelligence on the nature of sports volunteering is limited. Previous descriptions from national surveys of volunteers in sport have not addressed the independent effects of the demographic and socio-economic variables concerned, nor the distinction between numbers of volunteers and the time they give. This study remedies both shortcomings, analysing national survey data to identify significant influences on both the decision to volunteer and the time given. It identifies significant variations in the expected volunteering rate by gender, age, ethnicity, education, income and the number and age of dependent children. With respect to the time given to sports volunteering, there are significant variations by gender, age and employment status but conspicuously not by education and income. A policy dilemma is that targeting those most likely to volunteer and give time would reinforce existing inequalities in sports volunteering

Access to English public sector sports facilities by disadvantaged groups and the effect of financial objectives

Public sports facilities in the England have long been subject to questioning in terms of justifying the subsidies that government provides for their operations. This questioning often relates to the types of customers who use these facilities, the logic being that subsidies are justified more when sufficient use is made by ‘disadvantaged' or socially excluded groups. This is particularly the case in the period since 1997, when the policy focus on social inclusion has been considerable. Central government subsidies for sports in England amounted to £668 million in 2004. Typically, over 60% of such subsidies go to support the operations of sports and leisure centres provided by local authorities. This paper uses data from a national service for sports and leisure centres to examine their usage by disadvantaged groups – termed ‘access' performance in this service. First, the evidence from the 2006 data shows mixed evidence of ‘success' in attracting such groups – although defining ‘success' is a difficult task. Second, evidence from the period 1997–2006 fails to show clear signs of improvements in the usage of these centres by disadvantaged groups. Third, evidence of financial performance over the same period gives rise to the notion that financial objectives for such centres may have been more important to local authorities than socially inclusive use of the facilities. Regression analysis is conducted to identify the relationship between financial performance and access performance. This suggests that there is only a weak relationship between finance and access performance. The implications of this analysis are that socially inclusive use of centres should not be seen as detrimental to financial performance when establishing strategies for such facilities, and a greater emphasis on securing the use of disadvantaged groups is necessary to justify the subsidies they receive

Antifungal activity of secondary metabolites of Centaurea raphanina ssp. mixta, growing wild in Greece

The present study was carried out on the aerial parts of C. raphanina Sm. ssp. mixta (DC.) Runemark (Asteraceae), which is a commonly edible plant in Greece, on maturation stage. Although the isolation procedure is the appropriate one for the isolation of sesquiterpene lactones, the analysis revealed the presence of only one sesquiterpene lactone, namely cnicin, in small amounts. The main compounds were found to belong to polyphenols. The in vitro antifungal activity of the isolated compounds was tested, using the microdilution method. Only cnicin has been proved to be active against all fungi tested with a fungicidal potential higher than miconazole

Sesquiterpene lactones from Centaurea thessala and Centaurea attica. Antifungal activity

The aerial parts of Centaurea thessala ssp. drakiensis and C. attica ssp. attica afforded, in addition to several known sesquiterpene lactones, two new eudesmanolides, 4-epi-sonchucarpolide and its 8-(3-hydroxy-4-acetoxy-2-methylene-butanoyloxy) derivative and one new eudesmane derivative, named atticin. The in vitro antifungal activity of most compounds was tested against nine fungal species, using the micro-dilution method. All the compounds tested showed great antifungal activity. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd