Contraception Versus Sterilization

The World Health Organization reported that 40% of the pregnancies in the world in 1977 were unplanned and 20% were unwanted; in the United States in 1978 there were 1,300,000 teenage pregnancies, of which one million ended in abortions. To prevent these unwanted pregnancies and also to abolish the cost in terms of money, time and lives, conception control is very important. Contraception is as old as the human race. In ancient times Chinese women swallowed live tadpoles three days after their menses for this purpose. North African women mixed gunpowder solution and foam from a camel’s mouth and drank the resulting potion. Egyptian women inserted pessaries made of crocodile dung to achieve contraception. Greek women in the second century made a vaginal plug that contained oil, honey, cedar gum and fig pulp; others ate the uterus of female mules. As recently as the 17th century, European brides were instructed to sit on their fingers while riding in coaches or to place roasted walnuts in their bosoms, one for every barren year desired. Obviously, an unwanted child was of as much concern to the ancients as it is to modern women

Parallel critical graphs

Let G1 and G2 be two undirected graphs. Let u1, v1 ∈ V ( G1 ) and u2, v2 ∈ V ( G2 ). A parallel composition forms a new graph H that combines G1 and G2 by contracting the vertices u1 with u2 and v1 with v2. A new kind of graph called a parallel critical graph is introduced in this paper. We present the critical property using the domination number of G1 and G2 and provide a necessary and sufficient condition for parallel critical graphs. Few results relating to some class of graphs and parallel composition are discussed in this paper.Publisher's Versio

Individual, organizational and environmental factors affecting work-life balance

Finding a balance between work life and personal life has become a worldwide trend. Understanding factor that could affect work-life balance is important in rectifying this problem. Based on Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory, this study aims to examine direct relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, job engagement, work overload, technology advancement, and work-life balance. It also investigates moderating effect of organizational support on the relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, job engagement, work overload, technology advancement, and work-life balance. A total of 1,899 questionnaires were personally distributed to police officers at police headquarters in Peninsular Malaysia. Of 1,899 sets distributed, only 1,566 sets were returned and usable for further analysis, representing a response rate of 85%. Partial least squares (PLS) was used to evaluate the measurement model and structural model. The results support the hypotheses that emotional intelligence and job engagement are positively related to work-life balance. On the contrary, work overload and technology advancement are found to be negatively related to work-life balance. Additionally, spiritual intelligence is not found to be significantly and positively related to work-life balance. Finally, organizational support only moderates the relationship between job engagement and work-life balance. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings, as well as limitations and directions for future research, are discussed. The findings of this study provide evidence on the applicability of conservation of resources (COR) theory in explaining the factors affect work-life balance. Based on these findings, organizations must focus the variables of emotional intelligence, job engagement, technology advancement and work overloa

A New Species of Dryobalanoxylon Den Berger from the Neyveli Lignite Formation, Tamil Nadu, India

Neyveli lignite formation is one of the largest tertiary brown coal filed lignite formation found in the Neyveli, Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, India. So far many mega fossils and micro fossils reported from this formation. The present study is about a charcoalified wood found in this formation. The fossil wood is identified as Dryobalanoxylon as a new species D. neyveliensis sp.nov. This is a first report of Dryobalanoxylon from the Neyveli formation. Keywords: Dryobalanoxylon neyveliensis sp.nov., Neyveli formation, Tertiary