Impacto de las condiciones de beneficio sobre los compuestos precursores de aroma en granos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L) del clon CCN-51

 Se evaluó el efecto de los días de fermentación secado sobre la evolución de los compuestos de aroma (volátiles) en la variedad de cacao CCN-51. El método empleado fue la Cromatografía de Gases-Espectrometría de Masas, en combinación con Micro Extracción en Fase Sólida de Espacio de Cabeza (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Para los análisis se construyó un diseño experimental factorial multinivel, con un total de 15 experimentos/muestreo. Durante el beneficio se aplicó el método de microfermentación en cajón y el secado se hizo por exposición directa al sol. El Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) permitió explicar un 68% de la varianza total asociada con las características de aroma (compuestos volátiles). El proceso de beneficio fue dividido en etapas de acuerdo con el grado de fermentación. Se identificaron, a lo largo del beneficio compuestos precursores de aroma deseables e indeseables. Entre los compuestos deseables se identificaron, entre otros, el 3-metil-1-butanol, 2-fenil etanol, benzaldehído, fenil acetaldehído, etilhexanoato, etil benzoato, etilfenil acetato y 2-fenil etil acetato, los cuales aportan notas odoríficas muy agradables (chocolate, caramelo, dulce, nuez, miel, frutal, floral). Finalmente, se propuso un método alternativo de beneficio, que incorpora un pretratamiento del clon CCN- 51 y que arroja evidencia preliminar de mejoría en lo que respecta a los componentes precursores del aroma. Palabras clave: Análisis de componentes principales, beneficio, cacao, CCN-51, compuestos volátiles, cromatografía de gases-masas. AbstractThe influence of the days of fermentation and drying in the aroma compounds (volatile fraction) of cocoa beans CCN-51 was evaluated. The method used was Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry, coupled to Head Space Solid Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPMEGC-GS). A multifactorial experimental design was created, containing 15 experiments per repetition. The fermentation technique was microfermentation in boxes, while drying was achieved by exposing the samples to the sun. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allowed to explain 68% of the total variability associated with aroma characteristics (volatile compounds). Both, desirable and undesirable compounds were identified throughout the processes of fermentation and drying. The benefit process (fermentation and drying) was divided in stages depending on the degree of fermentation. The desirable compounds identified were: 3-methy-1-butanol, 2-phenyl-ethanol, benzaldehyde, phenyl acetaldehyde, ethylhexanoate, ethyl benzoate, ethylphenyl acetate and 2-phenyl ethyl acetate, which are associated with odoriferous notes very nice (chocolate, candy, sweet, nutty, honey, fruity, floral). Finally, a pre-treatment of cocoa beans CCN-51 prior to fermentation was proposed to be incorporated during the benefit of the beans as it seems to enhance the formation of desirable aroma compounds. Keywords: Principal component analysis, fermentation, drying, cocoa, CCN-51, volatile compounds, gas chromatography-gas spectrometry. Resumo  Avaliou-se o efeito dos dias de fermentação de secado sobre a evolução dos compostos de aroma (voláteis) na variedade de cacau CCN-51. O método empregado foi a Cromatografia de Gases-Espectrometria de Massas, em combinação com Micro-Extração em Fase Sólida tipo Headspace (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Para análise se construiu um delineamento experimental fatorial multinível, com um total de 15 experimentos/amostragem. Durante o beneficiamento se aplicou o método de micro-fermentação em caixa e o secado se fez por exposição direta ao sol. O Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) permitiu explicar um 68% da variância total associada com as características de aroma (compostos voláteis). O processo de beneficiamento foi dividido em etapas de acordo com o grau de fermentação. Identificaram-se, ao longo do beneficiamento compostos precursores de aroma desejáveis e indesejáveis. Entre os compostos desejáveis se identificaram, entre outros, o 3-metil-1- butanol, 2-fenil etanol, benzaldeído, fenilacetaldeído, etilhexanoato, benzoato de etilo, acetato de etilfenil e acetato de etilo 2-fenil, os quais aportam pontuações odoríferas muito agradáveis (chocolate, caramelo, doce, noz, mel, frutado e floral). Finalmente, se propus um método alternativo de beneficiamento, que incorpora um pré-tratamento do clone CCN-51 e que mostra evidencias preliminares de melhoria no que diz respeito aos componentes precursores do aroma.Palavras-chave: Análise de componentes principais, beneficiamento, cacau, CCN-51, compostos voláteis, cromatografia de gases-massas.

Impacto da fermentação e secagem no teor de polifenóis e capacidade antioxidante do clone de cacau CCN-51

La influencia del tiempo de fermentación y secado fue evaluada simultáneamente sobre la capacidad antioxidante (CA) y el contenido de polifenoles totales (PT) del de cacao clon CCN-51 (origen ecuatoriano resultante del cruce ICS95xIMC67), buscando seleccionar condiciones de beneficio que permitan obtener un producto de mayor valor agregado desde el punto de vista funcional. Los polifenoles presentes fueron cuantificados usando el método de Folin–Ciocalteu (PT) y tentativamente identificados por LC-MS, mientras que la capacidad antioxidante fue analizada usando el método ORAC. El beneficio comprendió las etapas de microfermentación en cajón y secado natural al sol. Los análisis siguieron un diseño experimental factorial multinivel de 15 experimentos/muestreo. Las diferencias significativas entre niveles fueron establecidas con un análisis de varianza. La CA (expresados en micromoles equivalentes de trolox (TE)/gramos de muestra seca) y el contenido de PT (expresados en miligramos equivalentes de ácido gálico (EAG)/gramo de muestra seca) variaron significativamente durante la fermentación, registrando valores entre 1055,2 - 347,3 μmolTE/gms y 78,1–33,3mgEAG/gms, respectivamente. Según el ANOVA, el efecto del secado natural fue poco significativo en la evolución de dichas variables (p<0,05). La evolución del contenido de PT y la CA, como una función de los días de fermentación, se ajustó a un modelo matemático recíproco (R2>0,95 en ambos casos). Las ecuaciones ajustadas fueron usadas para predecir la evolución del contenido de PT de clones tipo Forastero y Amazónico, cuando se comparó con resultados experimentales de otros trabajos, el error relativo porcentual promedio fue de 20%. Finalmente, se estableció que la fermentación ocasiona una disminución en los monómeros y oligómeros presentes (excepto catequina y procianidina B1) que puede relacionarse con la disminución de la CA. La fermentación es la etapa del beneficio que mayor impacto genera en la variación del contenido de PT y la CA.The influence of fermentation and drying time was evaluated simultaneously on the antioxidant capacity (CA) and total polyphenol content (PT) clone CCN-51, seeking conditions to benefit leading to a higher value -added product from the point functionally. ORAC (CA) and Folin-Ciocalteu (PT) methods were employed. Polyphenols were tentatively identified by LC-MS. The profit was realized in stages microfermentation drawer and natural drying in the sun. The analysis followed a multi-factorial experimental design of 15 experiments/sampling. Significant differences between levels were established with an analysis of variance. The CA (expressed in micromole equivalents of trolox (TE)/grams of dried sample) and PTcontent (expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/grams of dried sample) varied significantly during fermentation, recording values between 1055.2-347.3μmolTE/g (d.b.) and 78.1-33.3mgGAE/g (d.b.), respectively. According to ANOVA, the natural drying effect was not significant in the evolution of these variables (p<0.05). The evolution of the content of PT and CA, as a function of days of fermentation, a reciprocal mathematical model was adjusted (R2>0.95 in both cases). The fit equations were used to predict of behavior of PT in Forastero and Amazonico clones, when results were compared with experimental results of other works an average relative error of 20%, was obtained. Finally, it was established that the fermentation causes a decrease in the monomers and oligomers present (except catechin and procyanidin B1) that may be related to decrease CA. Fermentation is the stage of profit generated greater impact on the variation of the content of PT and CA.A influência do tempo de fermentação e secagem foi avaliado simultaneamente sobre a capacidade antioxidante (CA) e o conteúdo total de polifenóis (PT) clone CCN-51, que pretende seleccionar condições beneficio que conduzem a um produto de maior valor acrescentado a partir do ponto funcionalmente. ORAC (CA) e Folin-Ciocalteu (PT) métodos foram empregados. Os polifenóis foram tentativamente identificados por LC-MS. O lucro realizado em etapas microfermentación gaveta e secagem natural ao sol. A análise seguiu um delineamento experimental multi-fatorial de 15 experimentos/amostragem. Diferenças significativas entre os níveis foram estabelecidos com uma análise de variância. AC (expressos em micromoles de Trolox/gMS de amostra seca) e conteúdo PT (expresso em miligramas equivalentes de gálico / grama de ácido amostra seca) variaram significativamente durante a fermentação, registrando valores entre 1055,2-347,3μmolTE/gMS e 78,1-33,3mgEAG/gMS, respectivamente. De acordo com a ANOVA, o efeito de secagem natural não foi significativa na evolução destas variáveis (p<0,05). A evolução do conteúdo de PT e de CA, como uma função dos dias de fermentação, foi ajustado um modelo matemático recíproco (R2>0,95 em ambos os casos). As equações ajustadas foram utilizados para prever a evolução do teor de PT e os clones de tipo Amazon Forasteiros, quando comparados com os resultados de outros estudos experimentais, a percentagem média de erro relativo foi de 20%. Finalmente, foi estabelecido que a fermentação provoca uma diminuição nos monômeros e oligômeros presentes (exceto catequina e procyanidin B1) que podem estar relacionados à diminuição da CA. A fermentação é o estágio de lucro maior impacto gerado sobre a variação do teor de PT e CA

Impacto da fermentação e secagem no teor de polifenóis e capacidade antioxidante do clone de cacau CCN-51

La influencia del tiempo de fermentación y secado fue evaluada simultáneamente sobre la capacidad antioxidante (CA) y el contenido de polifenoles totales (PT) del de cacao clon CCN-51 (origen ecuatoriano resultante del cruce ICS95xIMC67), buscando seleccionar condiciones de beneficio que permitan obtener un producto de mayor valor agregado desde el punto de vista funcional. Los polifenoles presentes fueron cuantificados usando el método de Folin–Ciocalteu (PT) y tentativamente identificados por LC-MS, mientras que la capacidad antioxidante fue analizada usando el método ORAC. El beneficio comprendió las etapas de microfermentación en cajón y secado natural al sol. Los análisis siguieron un diseño experimental factorial multinivel de 15 experimentos/muestreo. Las diferencias significativas entre niveles fueron establecidas con un análisis de varianza. La CA (expresados en micromoles equivalentes de trolox (TE)/gramos de muestra seca) y el contenido de PT (expresados en miligramos equivalentes de ácido gálico (EAG)/gramo de muestra seca) variaron significativamente durante la fermentación, registrando valores entre 1055,2 - 347,3 μmolTE/gms y 78,1–33,3mgEAG/gms, respectivamente. Según el ANOVA, el efecto del secado natural fue poco significativo en la evolución de dichas variables (p<0,05). La evolución del contenido de PT y la CA, como una función de los días de fermentación, se ajustó a un modelo matemático recíproco (R2>0,95 en ambos casos). Las ecuaciones ajustadas fueron usadas para predecir la evolución del contenido de PT de clones tipo Forastero y Amazónico, cuando se comparó con resultados experimentales de otros trabajos, el error relativo porcentual promedio fue de 20%. Finalmente, se estableció que la fermentación ocasiona una disminución en los monómeros y oligómeros presentes (excepto catequina y procianidina B1) que puede relacionarse con la disminución de la CA. La fermentación es la etapa del beneficio que mayor impacto genera en la variación del contenido de PT y la CA.The influence of fermentation and drying time was evaluated simultaneously on the antioxidant capacity (CA) and total polyphenol content (PT) clone CCN-51, seeking conditions to benefit leading to a higher value -added product from the point functionally. ORAC (CA) and Folin-Ciocalteu (PT) methods were employed. Polyphenols were tentatively identified by LC-MS. The profit was realized in stages microfermentation drawer and natural drying in the sun. The analysis followed a multi-factorial experimental design of 15 experiments/sampling. Significant differences between levels were established with an analysis of variance. The CA (expressed in micromole equivalents of trolox (TE)/grams of dried sample) and PTcontent (expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/grams of dried sample) varied significantly during fermentation, recording values between 1055.2-347.3μmolTE/g (d.b.) and 78.1-33.3mgGAE/g (d.b.), respectively. According to ANOVA, the natural drying effect was not significant in the evolution of these variables (p<0.05). The evolution of the content of PT and CA, as a function of days of fermentation, a reciprocal mathematical model was adjusted (R2>0.95 in both cases). The fit equations were used to predict of behavior of PT in Forastero and Amazonico clones, when results were compared with experimental results of other works an average relative error of 20%, was obtained. Finally, it was established that the fermentation causes a decrease in the monomers and oligomers present (except catechin and procyanidin B1) that may be related to decrease CA. Fermentation is the stage of profit generated greater impact on the variation of the content of PT and CA.A influência do tempo de fermentação e secagem foi avaliado simultaneamente sobre a capacidade antioxidante (CA) e o conteúdo total de polifenóis (PT) clone CCN-51, que pretende seleccionar condições beneficio que conduzem a um produto de maior valor acrescentado a partir do ponto funcionalmente. ORAC (CA) e Folin-Ciocalteu (PT) métodos foram empregados. Os polifenóis foram tentativamente identificados por LC-MS. O lucro realizado em etapas microfermentación gaveta e secagem natural ao sol. A análise seguiu um delineamento experimental multi-fatorial de 15 experimentos/amostragem. Diferenças significativas entre os níveis foram estabelecidos com uma análise de variância. AC (expressos em micromoles de Trolox/gMS de amostra seca) e conteúdo PT (expresso em miligramas equivalentes de gálico / grama de ácido amostra seca) variaram significativamente durante a fermentação, registrando valores entre 1055,2-347,3μmolTE/gMS e 78,1-33,3mgEAG/gMS, respectivamente. De acordo com a ANOVA, o efeito de secagem natural não foi significativa na evolução destas variáveis (p<0,05). A evolução do conteúdo de PT e de CA, como uma função dos dias de fermentação, foi ajustado um modelo matemático recíproco (R2>0,95 em ambos os casos). As equações ajustadas foram utilizados para prever a evolução do teor de PT e os clones de tipo Amazon Forasteiros, quando comparados com os resultados de outros estudos experimentais, a percentagem média de erro relativo foi de 20%. Finalmente, foi estabelecido que a fermentação provoca uma diminuição nos monômeros e oligômeros presentes (exceto catequina e procyanidin B1) que podem estar relacionados à diminuição da CA. A fermentação é o estágio de lucro maior impacto gerado sobre a variação do teor de PT e CA

Smart Vehicle to Grid Interface Project: Electromobility Management System Architecture and Field Test Results

This paper presents and discusses the electromobility management system developed in the context of the SMARTV2G project, enabling the automatic control of plug-in electric vehicles' (PEVs') charging processes. The paper describes the architecture and the software/hardware components of the electromobility management system. The focus is put in particular on the implementation of a centralized demand side management control algorithm, which allows remote real time control of the charging stations in the field, according to preferences and constraints expressed by all the actors involved (in particular the distribution system operator and the PEV users). The results of the field tests are reported and discussed, highlighting critical issues raised from the field experience.Comment: To appear in IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEEE IEVC 2014

Derecho y Cultura

Análisis crítico de producciones audiovisulaes a la luz del Derecho

Plan de negocio para la producción y comercialización de vino artesanal de torombolo “STAR FRUIT” en la ciudad de Ocaña, Norte de Santander, 2019

En Colombia, la producción de torombolo es alta y constante durante todo el año, sin embargo, no existe una empresa constituida que la transforme y  proveche sus virtudes productivas. El objetivo de este artículo es crear un plan de negocio para producir y comercializar vino artesanal de torombolo en la comunidad de Ocaña, Norte de Santander. La metodología usada en la investigación fue de tipo descriptivo con un enfoque cuantitativo, para obtener la información se realizó una encuesta de forma aleatoria aplicada a 118 personas de la ciudad de Ocaña, los resultados de las encuestas fueron tabulados e interpretados en tortas. El estudio arrojó resultados de manera positiva llegando a la conclusión de que el plan de negocio es viable porque a la comunidad Ocañera le gustaría que existiera una empresa productora de vino artesanal de torombolo en la ciudad

Brain Network Allostasis after Chronic Alcohol Drinking Is Characterized by Functional Dedifferentiation and Narrowing

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) causes complex alterations in the brain that are poorly understood. The heterogeneity of drinking patterns and the high incidence of comorbid factors compromise mechanistic investigations in AUD patients. Here we used male Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats, a well established animal model of chronic alcohol drinking, and a combination of longitudinal resting-state fMRI and manganese-enhanced MRI to provide objective measurements of brain connectivity and activity, respectively. We found that 1 month of chronic alcohol drinking changed the correlation between resting-state networks. The change was not homogeneous, resulting in the reorganization of pairwise interactions and a shift in the equilibrium of functional connections. We identified two fundamentally different forms of network reorganization. First is functional dedifferentiation, which is defined as a regional increase in neuronal activity and overall correlation, with a concomitant decrease in preferential connectivity between specific networks. Through this mechanism, occipital cortical areas lost their specific interaction with sensory-insular cortex, striatal, and sensorimotor networks. Second is functional narrowing, which is defined as an increase in neuronal activity and preferential connectivity between specific brain networks. Functional narrowing strengthened the interaction between striatal and prefrontocortical networks, involving the anterior insular, cingulate, orbitofrontal, prelimbic, and infralimbic cortices. Importantly, these two types of alterations persisted after alcohol discontinuation, suggesting that dedifferentiation and functional narrowing rendered persistent network states. Our results support the idea that chronic alcohol drinking, albeit at moderate intoxicating levels, induces an allostatic change in the brain functional connectivity that propagates into early abstinence.Peer reviewe

La Imagen y la Narrativa como Herramientas para el Abordaje Psicosocial en Escenarios de Violencia. Municipios de Medellín, Apartadó, Bello y Carepa

Este texto presenta: por un lado, un análisis de la historia de Ana Ligia, una mujer que sufrió afectaciones en el marco del conflicto armado colombiano, que supo sobreponerse al hecho de victimización y dar continuidad a su historia de vida siendo además soporte para su familia y comunidad, el análisis referido se lleva a cabo mediante preguntas orientadoras que funcionan como hilo conductor a través del cual es posible identificar las dificultades por las que paso la protagonista de la historia y la manera en la que supo trasegar la barrera del dolor, exteriorizando su sentir a través del arte. El relato de Ana Ligia ofrece un discurso motivador y esperanzador donde confluye lo cognitivo, lo subjetivo, lo simbólico y lo emocional. De otro lado, se presenta el caso de la comunidad de Pandurí, una población de 200 habitantes que sufrió las consecuencias de la incursión de un grupo armado, lo que implico el surgimiento de emergentes psicosociales como el miedo, las afectaciones en sus relaciones interpersonales, la dificultad para llevar a cabo acciones en conjunto dada la desconfianza generalizada entre otros, frente a esto se presenta un análisis y propuestas de intervención psicosocial que incidan en sanar las afectaciones psicosociales sufridas y afrontar la realidad para dar continuidad de manera asertiva a su historia de vida, familia y comunidad.This text has an analysis of the story of Ana Ligia, a woman victim of the Colombian armed conflict, who knew how to overcome the fact of victimization and give continuity to her life story, as well as support for her family and community. The analysis is carried out through guiding questions that function as a common thread through which it is possible to identify the difficulties that the protagonist of the story went through and the way in which she knew how to pass the pain barrier, externalizing her feelings to through art. Ana Ligia's story offers a motivating and hopeful discourse where the cognitive, the subjective, the symbolic and the emotional converge. On the other hand, the case of the Pandurí community is presented: a population of 200 inhabitants that suffered the consequences of the incursion of an armed group, which implied the emergence of psychosocial emergencies such as fear, the effects on their interpersonal relationships, the difficulty of carrying out joint actions given the general distrust, among others. And we have an analysis and proposals for psychosocial intervention are presented aimed at healing the psychosocial affectations suffered and facing reality to assertively give continuity to their life history, family and community

Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems

Subterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of interventions. This raises the important question of how to make conservation efforts more feasible to implement, cost-effective, and long-lasting. Although there is no single remedy, we propose a suite of potential solutions to focus our efforts better towards increasing statistical testing and stress the importance of standardising study reporting to facilitate meta-analytical exercises. We also provide a database summarising the available literature, which will help to build quantitative knowledge about interventions likely to yield the greatest impacts depending upon the subterranean species and habitats of interest. We view this as a starting point to shift away from the widespread tendency of recommending conservation interventions based on anecdotal and expert-based information rather than scientific evidence, without quantitatively testing their effectiveness.Peer reviewe

Evaluation of DNA Methylation Episignatures for Diagnosis and Phenotype Correlations in 42 Mendelian Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

Genetic syndromes frequently present with overlapping clinical features and inconclusive or ambiguous genetic findings which can confound accurate diagnosis and clinical management. An expanding number of genetic syndromes have been shown to have unique genomic DNA methylation patterns (called episignatures ). Peripheral blood episignatures can be used for diagnostic testing as well as for the interpretation of ambiguous genetic test results. We present here an approach to episignature mapping in 42 genetic syndromes, which has allowed the identification of 34 robust disease-specific episignatures. We examine emerging patterns of overlap, as well as similarities and hierarchical relationships across these episignatures, to highlight their key features as they are related to genetic heterogeneity, dosage effect, unaffected carrier status, and incomplete penetrance. We demonstrate the necessity of multiclass modeling for accurate genetic variant classification and show how disease classification using a single episignature at a time can sometimes lead to classification errors in closely related episignatures. We demonstrate the utility of this tool in resolving ambiguous clinical cases and identification of previously undiagnosed cases through mass screening of a large cohort of subjects with developmental delays and congenital anomalies. This study more than doubles the number of published syndromes with DNA methylation episignatures and, most significantly, opens new avenues for accurate diagnosis and clinical assessment in individuals affected by these disorders