Thermonuclear burn-up in deuterated methane CD4CD_4

The thermonuclear burn-up of highly compressed deuterated methane CD$_4$ is considered in the spherical geometry. The minimal required values of the burn-up parameter $x = \rho_0 \cdot r_f$ are determined for various temperatures $T$ and densities $\rho_0$. It is shown that thermonuclear burn-up in $CD_4$ becomes possible in practice if its initial density $\rho_0$ exceeds $\approx 5 \cdot 10^3$ $g \cdot cm^{-3}$. Burn-up in CD$_2$T$_2$ methane requires significantly ($\approx$ 100 times) lower compressions. The developed approach can be used in order to compute the critical burn-up parameters in an arbitrary deuterium containing fuel

Conscientiousness and fruit and vegetable consumption: exploring behavioural intention as a mediator

Clear associations have emerged between conscientiousness and health behaviours, such that higher levels of conscientiousness are predictive of beneficial health behaviours. This study investigated the conscientiousness-fruit and vegetable consumption relationship and whether behavioural intention mediated this relationship. A large sample of adults (N = 2136) completed an online battery of questionnaires measuring conscientiousness, behavioural intentions to consume fruit and vegetables, together with self-reported behaviour. Correlation analysis revealed that conscientiousness and each of its facets were positively associated with behavioural intention and self-reported behaviour. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that after controlling for age, gender and education, total conscientiousness, and the facets of responsibility, industriousness, order and virtue predicted self-reported behaviour. Further analysis revealed that in line with the Theory of Planned Behaviour, behavioural intention fully mediated the conscientiousness-fruit and vegetable behaviour relationship. In conclusion, low levels of conscientiousness were found to be associated with lower fruit and vegetable intentions, with the latter also associated with fruit and vegetable consumption

The Sloan Great Wall. Morphology and galaxy content

We present the results of the study of the morphology and galaxy content of the Sloan Great Wall (SGW). We use the luminosity density field to determine superclusters in the SGW, and the fourth Minkowski functional V_3 and the morphological signature (the K_1-K_2 shapefinders curve) to show the different morphologies of the SGW, from a single filament to a multibranching, clumpy planar system. The richest supercluster in the SGW, SCl~126 and especially its core resemble a very rich filament, while another rich supercluster in the SGW, SCl~111, resembles a "multispider" - an assembly of high density regions connected by chains of galaxies. Using Minkowski functionals we study the substructure of individual galaxy populations determined by their color in these superclusters. We assess the statistical significance of the results with the halo model and smoothed bootstrap. We study the galaxy content and the properties of groups of galaxies in two richest superclusters of the SGW, paying special attention to bright red galaxies (BRGs) and to the first ranked galaxies in SGW groups. About 1/3 of BRGs are spirals. The scatter of colors of elliptical BRGs is smaller than that of spiral BRGs. About half of BRGs and of first ranked galaxies in groups have large peculiar velocities. Groups with elliptical BRGs as their first ranked galaxies populate superclusters more uniformly than the groups, which have a spiral BRG as its first ranked galaxy. The galaxy and group content of the core of the supercluster SCl~126 shows several differences in comparison with the outskirts of this supercluster and with the supercluster SCl~111. Our results suggest that the formation history and evolution of individual neighbour superclusters in the SGW has been different.Comment: Comments: 26 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

The Sloan Great Wall. Rich clusters

We present the results of the study of the substructure and galaxy content of ten rich clusters of galaxies in three different superclusters of the Sloan Great Wall. We determine the substructure in clusters using the 'Mclust' package from the 'R' statistical environment and analyse their galaxy content. We analyse the distribution of the peculiar velocities of galaxies in clusters and calculate the peculiar velocity of the first ranked galaxy. We show that clusters in our sample have more than one component; in some clusters different components also have different galaxy content. We find that in some clusters with substructure the peculiar velocities of the first ranked galaxies are large. All clusters in our sample host luminous red galaxies. They can be found both in the central areas of clusters as well as in the outskirts, some of them have large peculiar velocities. About 1/3 of red galaxies in clusters are spirals. The scatter of colours of red ellipticals is in most clusters larger than that of red spirals. The presence of substructure in rich clusters, signs of possible mergers and infall, as well as the large peculiar velocities of the first ranked galaxies suggest that the clusters in our sample are not yet virialized. We present merger trees of dark matter haloes in an N-body simulation to demonstrate the formation of present-day dark matter haloes via multiple mergers during their evolution. In simulated dark matter haloes we find a substructure similar to that in observed clusters.Comment: 19 pages, 44 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Visualization of Genomic Changes by Segmented Smoothing Using an L0 Penalty

Copy number variations (CNV) and allelic imbalance in tumor tissue can show strong segmentation. Their graphical presentation can be enhanced by appropriate smoothing. Existing signal and scatterplot smoothers do not respect segmentation well. We present novel algorithms that use a penalty on the norm of differences of neighboring values. Visualization is our main goal, but we compare classification performance to that of VEGA

Multimodality in galaxy clusters from SDSS DR8: substructure and velocity distribution

We search for the presence of substructure, a non-Gaussian, asymmetrical velocity distribution of galaxies, and large peculiar velocities of the main galaxies in galaxy clusters with at least 50 member galaxies, drawn from the SDSS DR8. We employ a number of 3D, 2D, and 1D tests to analyse the distribution of galaxies in clusters: 3D normal mixture modelling, the Dressler-Shectman test, the Anderson-Darling and Shapiro-Wilk tests and others. We find the peculiar velocities of the main galaxies, and use principal component analysis to characterise our results. More than 80% of the clusters in our sample have substructure according to 3D normal mixture modelling, the Dressler-Shectman (DS) test shows substructure in about 70% of the clusters. The median value of the peculiar velocities of the main galaxies in clusters is 206 km/s (41% of the rms velocity). The velocities of galaxies in more than 20% of the clusters show significant non-Gaussianity. While multidimensional normal mixture modelling is more sensitive than the DS test in resolving substructure in the sky distribution of cluster galaxies, the DS test determines better substructure expressed as tails in the velocity distribution of galaxies. Richer, larger, and more luminous clusters have larger amount of substructure and larger (compared to the rms velocity) peculiar velocities of the main galaxies. Principal component analysis of both the substructure indicators and the physical parameters of clusters shows that galaxy clusters are complicated objects, the properties of which cannot be explained with a small number of parameters or delimited by one single test. The presence of substructure, the non-Gaussian velocity distributions, as well as the large peculiar velocities of the main galaxies, shows that most of the clusters in our sample are dynamically young.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures, 2 online tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Multimodality of rich clusters from the SDSS DR8 within the supercluster-void network

We study the relations between the multimodality of galaxy clusters drawn from the SDSS DR8 and the environment where they reside. As cluster environment we consider the global luminosity density field, supercluster membership, and supercluster morphology. We use 3D normal mixture modelling, the Dressler-Shectman test, and the peculiar velocity of cluster main galaxies as signatures of multimodality of clusters. We calculate the luminosity density field to study the environmental densities around clusters, and to find superclusters where clusters reside. We determine the morphology of superclusters with the Minkowski functionals and compare the properties of clusters in superclusters of different morphology. We apply principal component analysis to study the relations between the multimodality parametres of clusters and their environment simultaneously. We find that multimodal clusters reside in higher density environment than unimodal clusters. Clusters in superclusters have higher probability to have substructure than isolated clusters. The superclusters can be divided into two main morphological types, spiders and filaments. Clusters in superclusters of spider morphology have higher probabilities to have substructure and larger peculiar velocities of their main galaxies than clusters in superclusters of filament morphology. The most luminous clusters are located in the high-density cores of rich superclusters. Five of seven most luminous clusters, and five of seven most multimodal clusters reside in spider-type superclusters; four of seven most unimodal clusters reside in filament-type superclusters. Our study shows the importance of the role of superclusters as high density environment which affects the properties of galaxy systems in them.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, 2 online tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

SDSS DR7 superclusters. Morphology

We study the morphology of a set of superclusters drawn from the SDSS DR7. We calculate the luminosity density field to determine superclusters from a flux- limited sample of galaxies from SDSS DR7, and select superclusters with 300 and more galaxies for our study. The morphology of superclusters is described with the fourth Minkowski functional V3, the morphological signature (the curve in the shapefinder's K1-K2 plane) and the shape parameter (the ratio of the shapefinders K1/K2). We investigate the supercluster sample using multidimensional normal mixture modelling, and use Abell clusters to identify our superclusters with known superclusters and to study the large-scale distribution of superclusters. The superclusters in our sample form three chains of superclusters; one of them is the Sloan Great Wall. Most superclusters have filament-like overall shapes. Superclusters can be divided into two sets; more elongated superclusters are more luminous, richer, have larger diameters, and a more complex fine structure than less elongated superclusters. The fine structure of superclusters can be divided into four main morphological types: spiders, multispiders, filaments, and multibranching filaments. We present the 2D and 3D distribution of galaxies and rich groups, the fourth Minkowski functional, and the morphological signature for all superclusters. Widely different morphologies of superclusters show that their evolution has been dissimilar. A study of a larger sample of superclusters from observations and simulations is needed to understand the morphological variety of superclusters and the possible connection between the morphology of superclusters and their large-scale environment.Comment: Comments: 20 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

The Fermi-GBM Gamma-Ray Burst Catalogs: The First Six Years

Since its launch in 2008, the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) has triggered and located on average approximately two gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) every three days. Here we present the main results from the latest two catalogs provided by the Fermi-GBM science team, namely the third GBM GRB catalog [1] and the first GBM time-resolved spectral catalog [2]. The intention of the GBM GRB catalog is to provide information to the community on the most important observables of the GBM detected bursts. It comprises 1405 triggers identified as GRBs. For each one, location and main characteristics of the prompt emission, the duration, the peak flux and the fluence are derived. The GBM time-resolved spectral catalog presents high-quality time-resolved spectral analysis with high temporal and spectral resolution of the brightest bursts observed by Fermi GBM in a shorter period than the former catalog, namely four years. It comprises 1491 spectra from 81 bursts. Distributions of parameters, statistics of the parameter populations, parameter-parameter and parameter-uncertainty correlations, and their exact values are obtained