126 research outputs found

    Deliverable D2.4. Modelling module for biological diversity and functions in land surface water balance

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    The WP2 "Soil Functioning and Ecosystem Services", of the EcoFINDERS project, has produced a modelling module linking soil biodiversity and its functioning to hydrological properties of agricultural soil. The scope is of a proof-of-concept, including only earthworm burrows as a proxy for cropping systems. The biodiversity focus is on anecic earthworm burrows, which traverse vertically into the deep soil. At the LTO Lusignan this group of earthworms dominates the cropping systems of permanent grass (T5) and of three years of grass in a sequence with three years of annual crops (T2). In contrast, a cropping system without grass and with frequent tillage (T1) is dominated by the soil dwelling endogeic earthworms. The hydrological modelling starting point was the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), but the soil hydrology module in JULES only considers water-flow through the soil matrix. Hence, we incorporated a representation of the water flow through macropores made by earthworms by adopting representation of macropore soil water flow in the open source soil-plant-atmosphere model, DAISY. The macropore parameters used for this module are: density, diameter, depth, conductivity of the macropore wall and soil water pressure. The approach has enabled the assessment of events of waterlogging and water deficiency in agricultural soils in real case scenarios, identifying the periods of risk in relation to earthworm burrowing. Two metrics were calculated from the simulated soil water contents: trafficability and vegetation soil water stress, corresponding to detrimental effects of water logging and insufficient plant accessible water. The presence of burrows could somewhat mitigate the risks for soil water logging and hence increase trafficability of the land. However, a trade-off was observed in a corresponding increase of the risk for water deficiency, although this may be a model artefact as water uptake related to crop type was not included in the model. A sensitive aspect in our data is the number of hydrologically active earthworm burrows which vary by season. The results of this study should not be extrapolated to other soil types or land uses and management. For extrapolation purposes, further research would be required. The output of the modelling is input to an economic assessment, e.g. by quantitatively assessing the occurrences of soil water deficiency and water logging as risk to farmers’ income stability as a result of reduced yields or loss of entire crops

    What Alternative To The Use Of Conventional Straw In Organic Farming System?

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    Under organic farming, livestock systems are allowed to use straw from conventional farming system. However, there are still some questions about the risk of element transfer when straw are used for the animal bedding and the consequences on soil quality when manure is applied. Moreover, private marketers could refuse, in the future, products (e.g. milk) from organic farms using conventional straw. In this context, a crucial question is “What alternative to the use of conventional straw in organic farming system?” This question, assessed by a farmer association (Agrobio35), was studied by a group of students. A bibliographic review was done of i) the existing alternatives of conventional straw in organic farming, ii) the feasibility (technic, economic, implementation) of theses alternative by the farmers. This review was completed by a survey of height farmers to collect their feedbacks about the relevance of the alternatives tools they apply (wooden chips, sand, wheat flour). The survey results were used to build a leaflet dedicated for advisors and farmers looking for alternatives

    Relevance Of Reduced Tillage Practices On Soil Biological, Chemical And Physical Quality And Ecosystem Services Under Organic Farming Context In Britany

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    Avoiding or limiting ploughing under organic farming management remains a big challenge for organic farmers. By developing an holistic approach, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact, under organic farming management, of different tillage techniques on soil biological, physical and chemical quality and ecosystem services. In an experimental site located in Britany (France) four tillage techniques were compared: conventional ploughing (CP), agronomic ploughing (AP), superficial non-inversed tillage (C15) and very superficial non-inversed tillage (C8). Results, obtained during 10 years (from 2003 to 2013), showed a strong temporal variability between years, however some results appeared consistent. Positive impact of reduced tillage on hydraulic conductivity and organic matter content was limited to the 0-5 cm depth. No-inversed tillage (C15, C8) and agronomical ploughing (AP) significantly improved microbial biomass. C8 is the only technique which significantly decreased nematofauna. Earthworm biomass significantly decreased under conventional ploughing (CP) due to the decrease of anecic species while ploughing techniques (CP, LA) preserved total earthworm abundance due to endogeic species. Endogeic species had a negative impact on hydraulic conductivity whereas anecic enhanced the conductivity and Carbon and Phosphorus contents. No-inversed tillage techniques (C8, C15) leaded to a decrease of the crop yield, due to an increase of weeds which increased water and nutritive competition. This study highlighted the interests and limits of no-inversed techniques and agronomical ploughing applied in organic farming management for enhancing soil quality and crop yield

    Marine macroalgae as food for earthworms: Growth and selection experiments across ecotypes

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    Historically, subsistence farmers around the Atlantic coast of NW Europe utilised marine algae as a fertiliser in agroecosystems, a practice that continued in small areas and is now considered to have real potential for re-establishing sustainable food production systems on marginal soils. Earthworms form a significant component of soil fauna and their ecosystem services are well documented. Therefore, palatability of marine organic amendments to faunal detritivores of terrestrial systems is of interest. This work aimed to assess the potential for growth of Aporrectodea caliginosa, Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea longa fed with two common macroalgae (seaweeds), Laminaria digitata and Fucus serratus. In addition, choice chambers were constructed to permit earthworm selection of these macroalgae with more conventional organic materials, horse manure (HM) and birch leaves (BL). Over a period of two months, earthworm species showed significantly greater mass gain with conventional food (p<0.05). Laminaria outperformed Fucus, which in turn was superior to soil alone. Similarly, when given a choice, a significant preference (p<0.001) was shown for the more nitrogen-rich HM and BL over the seaweeds. No removal was recorded for A. caliginosa when offered seaweeds only. By contrast, L. rubellus and A. longa showed significant preferences (p<0.001) for Laminaria over Fucus and fresh material over degraded. These results underline an interest to profit from natural resources (seaweeds) to maintain or improve soil biological quality in marginal coastal areas

    Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

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    Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s).Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change.Peer reviewe

    Identification et quantification in situ des interactions entre la diversité lombricienne et la macro-bioporosité dans le contexte polyculture breton. Influence sur le fonctionnement hydrique du sol

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    ThĂšse publiĂ©e dans la collection des MĂ©moires du CAREN (ISSN 1761-2810) : MĂ©moire n° 7 (ISBN 2-914375-25-5)Le sol, support entre autre de production vĂ©gĂ©tal, peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© comme un systĂšme interactif au sein du quel les composantes physiques (structure du sol), chimiques (solution du sol, matiĂšre organique) et biologiques (faune et flore) sont en Ă©troites relations. ReplacĂ© dans un contexte plus global, ce systĂšme peut ĂȘtre soumis Ă  des contraintes anthropiques qui, devenant trop importantes, sont susceptibles de perturber son fonctionnement. Comprendre le fonctionnement du sol, suggĂšre donc de connaĂźtre chacun de ses composants, ainsi que les interactions entre ces composants, tout en intĂ©grant les variabilitĂ©s spatio-temporelles liĂ©es ou non aux activitĂ©s humaines. Quatre questions ont orientĂ© notre travail menĂ© en conditions naturelles. 1) Nous avons apprĂ©ciĂ© l'influence de diffĂ©rents contextes agro-pĂ©do-climatiques sur les peuplements lombriciens en tentant de dĂ©finir parmi ces lombriciens des groupes de rĂ©ponses aux contraintes prĂ©dĂ©finies. Par ailleurs, dans le but d'affiner le statut d'indicateur des lombriciens, nous avons mis en avant l'intĂ©rĂȘt d'intĂ©grer le stade de dĂ©veloppement des individus (juvĂ©nile, adulte) Ă  l'identification spĂ©cifique (catĂ©gorie Ă©cologique ou taxon), dĂ©finissant ainsi des UnitĂ©s Taxonomiques Fonctionnelles (UTF) et des UnitĂ©s Ecologiques Fonctionnelles (UEF). 2) Nous avons apprĂ©ciĂ© l'interaction existant entre les peuplements lombriciens et la macroporositĂ© observĂ©e au terrain sur un profil de sol. Cette partie de l'Ă©tude a mis en Ă©vidence que si le nombre de pores quantifiĂ© sur un profil de sol peut ĂȘtre indicateur de l'Ă©tat macrobiologique du sol, il reflĂšte avant tout l'activitĂ© des lombriciens. Cette bioactivitĂ© Ă©tant trĂšs fortement dĂ©pendante des systĂšmes culturaux, un nombre de pores donnĂ© ne peut en aucun cas ĂȘtre commun Ă  l'ensemble des systĂšmes de culture. 3) GrĂące Ă  la tomographie aux rayons x, l'observation en 3 dimensions du rĂ©seau de galeries a pu ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ©e, confirmant tout l'intĂ©rĂȘt d'un tel outil dans l'observation et la quantification de la porositĂ© du sol. Ce travail a permis de caractĂ©riser la morphologie des rĂ©seaux de galeries d'espĂšces lombricienne jusqu'alors peu documentĂ©es (L. friendi). De plus, notre Ă©tude a montrĂ© qu'au-delĂ  de la variabilitĂ© intra catĂ©gorie Ă©cologique, il existerait une variabilitĂ© intra-spĂ©cifique en lien avec le stade de dĂ©veloppement des individus qui nĂ©cessiterait une subdivision du stade juvĂ©nile en fonction de l'Ăąge relatif des individus. 4) L'influence de l'interaction entre la biodiversitĂ© lombricienne et la macroporositĂ© sur le fonctionnement hydrique du sol a Ă©tĂ© apprĂ©ciĂ©e par des mesures de conductivitĂ© Ă  saturation ainsi que par l'utilisation d'un modĂšle de transfert de solutĂ©s dans les sols. Ce travail a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence le rĂŽle prĂ©pondĂ©rant de la connectivitĂ© et de la continuitĂ© des galeries sur le fonctionnement du sol, tout en soulignant l'importance de l'Ă©tat de surface. Cette Ă©tude a aussi permis de distinguer l'influence relative des diffĂ©rentes espĂšces lombriciennes sur le fonctionnement hydrique du sol.Coming soo

    Identification et quantification in situ des interactions entre la diversité lombricienne et la macro-bioporosité dans le contexte polyculture breton. Influence sur le fonctionnement hydrique du sol

    No full text
    ThĂšse publiĂ©e dans la collection des MĂ©moires du CAREN (ISSN 1761-2810) : MĂ©moire n° 7 (ISBN 2-914375-25-5)Le sol, support entre autre de production vĂ©gĂ©tal, peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© comme un systĂšme interactif au sein du quel les composantes physiques (structure du sol), chimiques (solution du sol, matiĂšre organique) et biologiques (faune et flore) sont en Ă©troites relations. ReplacĂ© dans un contexte plus global, ce systĂšme peut ĂȘtre soumis Ă  des contraintes anthropiques qui, devenant trop importantes, sont susceptibles de perturber son fonctionnement. Comprendre le fonctionnement du sol, suggĂšre donc de connaĂźtre chacun de ses composants, ainsi que les interactions entre ces composants, tout en intĂ©grant les variabilitĂ©s spatio-temporelles liĂ©es ou non aux activitĂ©s humaines. Quatre questions ont orientĂ© notre travail menĂ© en conditions naturelles. 1) Nous avons apprĂ©ciĂ© l'influence de diffĂ©rents contextes agro-pĂ©do-climatiques sur les peuplements lombriciens en tentant de dĂ©finir parmi ces lombriciens des groupes de rĂ©ponses aux contraintes prĂ©dĂ©finies. Par ailleurs, dans le but d'affiner le statut d'indicateur des lombriciens, nous avons mis en avant l'intĂ©rĂȘt d'intĂ©grer le stade de dĂ©veloppement des individus (juvĂ©nile, adulte) Ă  l'identification spĂ©cifique (catĂ©gorie Ă©cologique ou taxon), dĂ©finissant ainsi des UnitĂ©s Taxonomiques Fonctionnelles (UTF) et des UnitĂ©s Ecologiques Fonctionnelles (UEF). 2) Nous avons apprĂ©ciĂ© l'interaction existant entre les peuplements lombriciens et la macroporositĂ© observĂ©e au terrain sur un profil de sol. Cette partie de l'Ă©tude a mis en Ă©vidence que si le nombre de pores quantifiĂ© sur un profil de sol peut ĂȘtre indicateur de l'Ă©tat macrobiologique du sol, il reflĂšte avant tout l'activitĂ© des lombriciens. Cette bioactivitĂ© Ă©tant trĂšs fortement dĂ©pendante des systĂšmes culturaux, un nombre de pores donnĂ© ne peut en aucun cas ĂȘtre commun Ă  l'ensemble des systĂšmes de culture. 3) GrĂące Ă  la tomographie aux rayons x, l'observation en 3 dimensions du rĂ©seau de galeries a pu ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ©e, confirmant tout l'intĂ©rĂȘt d'un tel outil dans l'observation et la quantification de la porositĂ© du sol. Ce travail a permis de caractĂ©riser la morphologie des rĂ©seaux de galeries d'espĂšces lombricienne jusqu'alors peu documentĂ©es (L. friendi). De plus, notre Ă©tude a montrĂ© qu'au-delĂ  de la variabilitĂ© intra catĂ©gorie Ă©cologique, il existerait une variabilitĂ© intra-spĂ©cifique en lien avec le stade de dĂ©veloppement des individus qui nĂ©cessiterait une subdivision du stade juvĂ©nile en fonction de l'Ăąge relatif des individus. 4) L'influence de l'interaction entre la biodiversitĂ© lombricienne et la macroporositĂ© sur le fonctionnement hydrique du sol a Ă©tĂ© apprĂ©ciĂ©e par des mesures de conductivitĂ© Ă  saturation ainsi que par l'utilisation d'un modĂšle de transfert de solutĂ©s dans les sols. Ce travail a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence le rĂŽle prĂ©pondĂ©rant de la connectivitĂ© et de la continuitĂ© des galeries sur le fonctionnement du sol, tout en soulignant l'importance de l'Ă©tat de surface. Cette Ă©tude a aussi permis de distinguer l'influence relative des diffĂ©rentes espĂšces lombriciennes sur le fonctionnement hydrique du sol.Coming soo
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