Geology of Amami Oshima, Central Ryukyu Islands, with Special Reference to Effect of Gravity Transportation on Geologic Struture

The geologic structure developed under the strong influence of gravitation is a fundamental characteristic of the geology of Amami Oshima. The Yuwan Formation consists of siliceous slate, sandstone, chert and basalt, and contains exotic masses of bedded chert, basalt and limestone of various sizes. Most of the exotic masses are of the Permian and Triassic, some of which contain again exotic limestone of the Permian and Carboniferous, respectively. The Upper Jurassic sediments of the Yuwan Formation deposited in situ enclose exotic Triassic rocks and the Lower Cretaceous sediments of the formation enclose exotic Permian rocks. Gravity transportation of the exotic Triassic and Permian masses from the northwest took place successively in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Albitization was recognized in exotic basalt. The Cenomanian to Turonian Naze Formation consists of slate, phyllite, sandstone and basalt. The Turonian Odana and Ogachi Formations consist mostly of sandstone and slate, but the Odana Formation contains exotic masses of Aptian slate and basalt. The Eocene Wano Formation consists of sandstone, shale and conglomerate. Intraformational deformation is common in these formations. In the western part, the older Yuwan Formation as a whole overlies the younger Odana Formation; the contact between them is a listric surface of southeastward gravity sliding. The Odana Formation slumped a short distance southeastwards over the toes of slides which involved both of the Odana and Naze Formations. In the central part, the Naze Formation slid southeastwards over the Ogachi Formation, which is in turn in contact with the Naze Formation through the slip-surface on the east side

How to Feed 311 Million of Indonesian People by 2050? Advancing Local Food Adaptation and Food Security Policy

During decades, rice production in Indonesia has continuously increased. However, the increase in food consumption is faster than the rate of production. The population growth in Indonesia is projected to grow by 24.5% over the next four decades, from 250 million in 2015 to 311 million in 2050. In addition, climate change impacts would also exacerbate food supply and endanger sustainable food production. If the food needs for the population cannot be met, Indonesia will become a food insecurity country. On the other hand, Indonesia has a great potential food supply from a local resource that can be developed as the basis for food security in the long-term period. However, those local food resources are not considered the main staple food although their production is not significantly influenced by climate. The advancing potency of local food adaptation can create climate-resilient agriculture to proceed national food security. In addition, effective governance is needed to implement policies which promote food availability, food accessibility and individual food utilization based on local resources.Keywords: Adaptation, food security, local food, policy

An Overview of The Traditional Use of Sago for Sago-based Food Industry in Indonesia

The use of sago had been practiced traditionally since ancient times by people who live in sago producing areas in Indonesia, and it had been able to gradually create sago-based food industry. As a result, sago has become an important raw material. Nevertheless, most sago-based food industry occurs naturally without an integrated comprehensive plan. The processing skills are inherited from the ancestors and handed down to the next generation continuously. In addition, there are many descriptions of the traditional way to prepare foods from sago. Surely, the wider utilization of sago can be a catalyst for rural industrial development. Thus, this paper is intended to deliver information about the diversity of traditional use of sago for sago-based food industry from all the major sago-producing areas in Indonesia in order to focus the farmers`, entrepreneurs’, and Indonesian government`s attention. It is predicted that sago demands in the future will increase. The sustainability of sago as a raw material for sago-based industry, however, will not be discussed in this paper. Further studies on that is neededKeywords:Sago-based food Industry, Sago Palm, Sago Starch, The use of Sago. 

An Optimum Choice of Strategic Marketing for Indonesian Plywood Industry: Operationalization of Porter Five Forces Model using Analytic Hierarchy Process

The purpose of this study is to present an application of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for determining the best marketing strategy of Indonesian plywood industry. This paper applies Michael Porter???s industry analysis techniques to identify the existing competitive advantages as well as the key factors of business success and to create the strategy framework of the positioning for plywood industry. This approach is based on generic strategies as criteria for selecting competitive market strategy. The integration of Analytic Hierarchy Process and five forces can set up a series of procedure to evaluate the current strategy by chosen the important criteria. The major advantage of applying this framework is that the company will systematically select an optimum choice of competitive market strategy with planning decision and implementation to realize the achievement of competitive advantage in plywood industry

Sasi in Kei Island: Transformation of Coastal Resources Managementby Community in Tanimbar Kei Island, Maluku, Indonesia

Sasi is a local Indonesian traditional resources management system, which manages responsibilities and marine tenure rights in Maluku. Dwellers have been using this system for over 400 years and it consists of spatial and temporal prohibitions on harvesting crops. Sasi was viewed as an appropriate method to achieve harmony between man and nature. It has been noted that sasi has been affected by many factors. These factors have allowed sasi to exist in some areas and become extinct in other areas, which are very essential indicators when considering how to effectively achieve sustainability. Studyingthe factors that transformedsasi, understanding villagers’ perception and reaction to sasi’s transformation and how they planned to sustainably manage their natural resources will support the community based management model for eastern Indonesia. This research was conducted in Tanimbar Kei Island, which actively follows the rules of sasi. To determine the effectiveness of sasi in terms of social and environmental sustainability, demographic, social, politic and economic factors were studied. This study used the triangulation method, which consists of literature studies, area studies, in-depth interviews and questionnaires. The data was analyzed with qualitative analysis, institutional analysis and sustainability analysis. The results show a change in perceptions and community institutions. The dominant factor affecting sasi is the political aspect, especially concerning policy autonomy and assistance from NGOs. The community trust in sasi and other community members ensures that sasi’s transformation does not cause it to lose its identity and function

THE POSSIBILITY OF SAGO STARCH MARKETING IN JAPAN FROM SAGO PRODUCING AREAS IN THE EASTERN PART OF INDONESIA

Sago palm (Metroxylon sp.) is distributed and grows naturally in almost every island throughout Indonesia, especially in swampy coastal areas along rivers. After the World War II, the sago cultivation in the regions that surround Malaysia and the Western Indonesia, have been consolidated by the investors while farmers in the eastern Indonesia continue their conventional practice. Recently, these farmers in the eastern part have been shifting from sago production to others crops such as corn and cacao production. Consequently, areas of sago production have been rapidly reducing in the region. Even though the international demand for starch is expanding, the sago farmers in the eastern Indonesia are unable to utilize the opportunity. This paper presents a sago development strategy based on the belief that sago has the potential to become an important economic crop for mankind. This research aims to present the opportunities and constraints of sago development strategy in the eastern part of Indonesia, especially in South Sulawesi Province by establishing direct networks between consumer and producers. This study was conducted in the three sago production areas in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Beside sago production areas, marketing research was conducted in Japan. The several specific starch demands exist in Japan and sago from Indonesia would have opportunity. However, evaluation of quality and price on each specific demand in detail is suggested because the taste tendency of Japanese consumers is diversified to demand foods that are only cheap, but safe, healthy, natural and/or low impact to environment .Basing on order from one of non-allergic food distributers in Japan, an NGO in Indonesia will challenge to become a promoter that establish direct network between sago consumer and sago producer

A summary of ODP leg 141 hydrogeologic, geochemical and thermal results

The subduction of the oceanic spreading center at the Chile Triple Junction is marked by a substantial thermal perturbation and marked changes in the hydrogeologic and aqueous geochemical regimes in the overthrust plate. Ridge subduction substantially changes the fluid chemistry in the wedge through variably hydrating the oceanic basement, accretionary wedge, and continental backstop. This generates positive anomalies in salinity and chloride values with respect to sea water. The wedge immediately above the subducted ridge also experiences greatly enhance diagenesis and cementation together with the influx of primordial mantle derived ⁴He. Linear temperature and pore fluid chemistry profiles suggest a predominantly diffusive/conductive regime predominates in the interior eastern portion of the wedge and continental backstop region. In contrast, a vigorous and transient hydrogeolgic system within 5 km of the toe of the wedge at both Sites 859 and 863 generates spatially narrow, large, and complex anomalies in temperature and fluid chemistry. At the toe the vigorous hydrogeologic system may be variably influenced by the episodic expulsion of fluid from both the deeper parts of the wedge and oceanic basement driven convection systems. Structural and diagenetic observations are also consistent with a hydrogeologic regime that both evolves with time and that is dominated by episodic processes. In particular, studies of cements, mineralized veins, deformation bands, and Fe sulfide distribution suggest that above the subducting ridge (i.e., Site 863) the lithification in the wedge is greatly enhanced and that and periods of enhanced fluid expulsion are associated with local hydrofracture and dilation episodes

A new method of discriminating different types of post-Archean ophiolitic basalts and their tectonic significance using Th-Nb and Ce-Dy-Yb systematics

AbstractIn this paper, a new discrimination diagram using absolute measures of Th and Nb is applied to post-Archean ophiolites to best discriminate a large number of different ophiolitic basalts. This diagram was obtained using >2000 known ophiolitic basalts and was tested using ∼560 modern rocks from known tectonic settings. Ten different basaltic varieties from worldwide ophiolitic complexes have been examined. They include two basaltic types that have never been considered before, which are: (1) medium-Ti basalts (MTB) generated at nascent forearc settings; (2) a type of mid-ocean ridge basalts showing garnet signature (G-MORB) that characterizes Alpine-type (i.e., non volcanic) rifted margins and ocean-continent transition zones (OCTZ). In the Th-Nb diagram, basalts generated in oceanic subduction-unrelated settings, rifted margins, and OCTZ can be distinguished from subduction-related basalts with a misclassification rate <1%. This diagram highlights the chemical variation of oceanic, rifted margin, and OCTZ basalts from depleted compositions to progressively more enriched compositions reflecting, in turn, the variance of source composition and degree of melting within the MORB-OIB array. It also highlights the chemical contributions of enriched (OIB-type) components to mantle sources. Enrichment of Th relative to Nb is particularly effective for highlighting crustal input via subduction or crustal contamination. Basalts formed at continental margin arcs and island arc with a complex polygenetic crust can be distinguished from those generated in intra-oceanic arcs in supra-subduction zones (SSZ) with a misclassification rate <1%. Within the SSZ group, two sub-settings can be recognized with a misclassification rate <0.5%. They are: (1) SSZ influenced by chemical contribution from subduction-derived components (forearc and intra-arc sub-settings) characterized by island arc tholeiitic (IAT) and boninitic basalts; (2) SSZ with no contribution from subduction-derived components (nascent forearc sub-settings) characterized by MTBs and depleted-MORBs. Two additional discrimination diagrams are proposed: (1) a Dy-Yb diagram is used for discriminating boninite and IAT basalts; (2) a Ce/Yb-Dy/Yb diagram is used for discriminating G-MORBs and normal MORBs. The proposed method may effectively assist in recovering the tectonic affinity of ancient ophiolites, which is fundamental for establishing the geodynamic evolution of ancient oceanic and continental domains, as well as orogenic belts