64 research outputs found
Chemoarchaeological downsizing in a hierarchical universe: impact of a top-heavy IGIMF
We make use of a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation to investigate the origin of the observed correlation between [α/Fe] abundance ratios and stellar mass in elliptical galaxies.We implement a new galaxy-wide stellar initial mass function (IMF; top-heavy integrated galaxy initial mass function, TH-IGIMF) in the semi-analytic model SAG (acronym for semi-analytic galaxies) and evaluate its impact on the chemical evolution of galaxies. The star formation rate (SFR) dependence of the slope of the TH-IGIMF is found to be key to reproducing the correct [α/Fe]-stellar mass relation. Massive galaxies reach higher [α/Fe] abundance ratios because they are characterized by more top-heavy IMFs as a result of their higher SFR. As a consequence of our analysis, the value of the minimum embedded star cluster mass and of the slope of the embedded cluster mass function, which are free parameters involved in the TH-IGIMF theory, are found to be as lowas 5 and 2Mâ, respectively. Amild downsizing trend is present for galaxies generated assuming either a universal IMF or a variable TH-IGIMF.We find that, regardless of galaxy mass, older galaxies (with formation redshifts âł2) are formed in shorter time-scales (âČ2 Gyr), thus achieving larger [α/Fe] values. Hence, the time-scale of galaxy formation alone cannot explain the slope of the [α/Fe]-galaxy mass relation, but is responsible for the big dispersion of [α/Fe] abundance ratios at fixed stellar mass. We further test the hypothesis of a TH-IGIMF in elliptical galaxies by looking into mass-to-light ratios, and luminosity functions. Models with a TH-IGIMF are also favoured by these constraints. In particular, mass-to-light ratios agree with observed values for massive galaxies while being overpredicted for less massive ones; this overprediction is present regardless of the IMF considered.Instituto de AstrofĂsica de La PlataFacultad de Ciencias AstronĂłmicas y GeofĂsica
Chemoarchaeological downsizing in a hierarchical universe: impact of a top-heavy IGIMF
We make use of a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation to investigate the origin of the observed correlation between [α/Fe] abundance ratios and stellar mass in elliptical galaxies.We implement a new galaxy-wide stellar initial mass function (IMF; top-heavy integrated galaxy initial mass function, TH-IGIMF) in the semi-analytic model SAG (acronym for semi-analytic galaxies) and evaluate its impact on the chemical evolution of galaxies. The star formation rate (SFR) dependence of the slope of the TH-IGIMF is found to be key to reproducing the correct [α/Fe]-stellar mass relation. Massive galaxies reach higher [α/Fe] abundance ratios because they are characterized by more top-heavy IMFs as a result of their higher SFR. As a consequence of our analysis, the value of the minimum embedded star cluster mass and of the slope of the embedded cluster mass function, which are free parameters involved in the TH-IGIMF theory, are found to be as lowas 5 and 2Mâ, respectively. Amild downsizing trend is present for galaxies generated assuming either a universal IMF or a variable TH-IGIMF.We find that, regardless of galaxy mass, older galaxies (with formation redshifts âł2) are formed in shorter time-scales (âČ2 Gyr), thus achieving larger [α/Fe] values. Hence, the time-scale of galaxy formation alone cannot explain the slope of the [α/Fe]-galaxy mass relation, but is responsible for the big dispersion of [α/Fe] abundance ratios at fixed stellar mass. We further test the hypothesis of a TH-IGIMF in elliptical galaxies by looking into mass-to-light ratios, and luminosity functions. Models with a TH-IGIMF are also favoured by these constraints. In particular, mass-to-light ratios agree with observed values for massive galaxies while being overpredicted for less massive ones; this overprediction is present regardless of the IMF considered.Instituto de AstrofĂsica de La PlataFacultad de Ciencias AstronĂłmicas y GeofĂsica
Launch of the Space experiment PAMELA
PAMELA is a satellite borne experiment designed to study with great accuracy
cosmic rays of galactic, solar, and trapped nature in a wide energy range
protons: 80 MeV-700 GeV, electrons 50 MeV-400 GeV). Main objective is the study
of the antimatter component: antiprotons (80 MeV-190 GeV), positrons (50
MeV-270 GeV) and search for antimatter with a precision of the order of 10^-8).
The experiment, housed on board the Russian Resurs-DK1 satellite, was launched
on June, 15, 2006 in a 350*600 km orbit with an inclination of 70 degrees. The
detector is composed of a series of scintillator counters arranged at the
extremities of a permanent magnet spectrometer to provide charge,
Time-of-Flight and rigidity information. Lepton/hadron identification is
performed by a Silicon-Tungsten calorimeter and a Neutron detector placed at
the bottom of the device. An Anticounter system is used offline to reject false
triggers coming from the satellite. In self-trigger mode the Calorimeter, the
neutron detector and a shower tail catcher are capable of an independent
measure of the lepton component up to 2 TeV. In this work we describe the
experiment, its scientific objectives and the performance in the first months
after launch.Comment: Accepted for publication on Advances in Space Researc
Development and body mass inversely affect childrenâs brain activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during food choice
Childhood obesity is a rising problem caused in part by unhealthy food choices. Food choices are based on a neural value signal encoded in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and self-control involves modulation of this signal by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). We determined the effects of development, body mass (BMI Cole score) and body mass history on the neural correlates of healthy food choice in children. 141 children (aged 10-17y) from Germany, Hungary and Sweden were scanned with fMRI while performing a food choice task. Afterwards health and taste ratings of the foods were collected. In the food choice task children were asked to consider the healthiness or tastiness of the food or to choose naturally. Overall, children made healthier choices when asked to consider healthiness. However, children who had a higher weight gain per year chose less healthy foods when considering healthiness but not when choosing naturally. Pubertal development stage correlated positively while current body mass correlated negatively with dlPFC activation when accepting foods. Pubertal development negatively and current body mass positively influenced the effect of considering healthiness on activation of brain areas involved in salience and motivation. In conclusion, children in earlier stages of pubertal development and children with a higher body weight exhibited less activation in the dlPFC, which has been implicated in self-control during food choice. Furthermore, pubertal development and body mass influenced neural responses to a health cue in areas involved in salience and motivation. Thus, these findings suggest that children in earlier stages of pubertal development, children with a higher body mass gain and children with overweight may possibly be less susceptible to healthy eating interventions that rely on self-control or that highlight health aspects of food.</p
PAMELA - A Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics
The PAMELA experiment is a satellite-borne apparatus designed to study charged particles in the cosmic radiation with a particular focus on antiparticles. PAMELA is mounted on the Resurs DK1 satellite that was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome on June 15th 2006. The PAMELA apparatus comprises a time-of-flight system, a magnetic spectrometer, a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter, an anticoincidence system, a shower tail catcher scintillator and a neutron detector. The combination of these devices allows antiparticles to be reliably identified from a large background of other charged particles. This paper reviews the design, space qualification and on-ground performance of PAMELA. The in-orbit performance will be discussed in future publications.The PAMELA experiment is a satellite-borne apparatus designed to study charged particles in the cosmic radiation with a particular focus on antiparticles. PAMELA is mounted on the Resurs DK1 satellite that was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome on June 15th 2006. The PAMELA apparatus comprises a time-of-flight system, a magnetic spectrometer, a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter, an anticoincidence system, a shower tail catcher scintillator and a neutron detector. The combination of these devices allows antiparticles to be reliably identified from a large background of other charged particles. This paper reviews the design, space qualification and on-ground performance of PAMELA. The in-orbit performance will be discussed in future publications
The WOCEâera 3âD Pacific Ocean circulation and heat budget
Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Progress In Oceanography 82 (2009): 281-325, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.08.002.To address questions concerning the intensity and spatial structure of the 3âdimensional
circulation within the Pacific Ocean and the associated advective and diffusive property flux
divergences, data from approximately 3000 highâquality hydrographic stations collected on
40 zonal and meridional cruises have been merged into a physically consistent model. The
majority of the stations were occupied as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment
(WOCE), which took place in the 1990s. These data are supplemented by a few preâWOCE
surveys of similar quality, and timeâaveraged directâvelocity and historical hydrographic
measurements about the equator.
An inverse box model formalism is employed to estimate the absolute alongâisopycnal
velocity field, the magnitude and spatial distribution of the associated diapycnal flow and
the corresponding diapycnal advective and diffusive property flux divergences. The resulting
largeâscale WOCE Pacific circulation can be described as two shallow overturning cells
at midâ to low latitudes, one in each hemisphere, and a single deep cell which brings abyssal
waters from the Southern Ocean into the Pacific where they upwell across isopycnals and
are returned south as deep waters. Upwelling is seen to occur throughout most of the basin
with generally larger dianeutral transport and greater mixing occurring at depth. The derived
pattern of ocean heat transport divergence is compared to published results based
on airâsea flux estimates. The synthesis suggests a strongly east/west oriented pattern of
airâsea heat flux with heat loss to the atmosphere throughout most of the western basins,
and a gain of heat throughout the tropics extending poleward through the eastern basins.
The calculated meridional heat transport agrees well with previous hydrographic estimates.
Consistent with many of the climatologies at a variety of latitudes as well, our meridional
heat transport estimates tend toward lower values in both hemispheres.This work was funded by National Science Foundation grants OCEâ9710102, OCEâ
9712209 and OCEâ0079383, and also benefited from work on closely related projects funded
by NSF grants OCEâ0223421 and OCEâ0623261, and NOAA grant NA17RJ1223 funded
through CICOR. For G.C.J. NASA funding came under Order Wâ19,314
Estrutura, ultraestrutura e morfometria da aorta de paca (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus, 1766) criada em cativeiro
Efeito do citrato e taurina em meio CR2aa no desenvolvimento de embriÔes bovinos fecundados in vitro
Control and prevention measures for legionellosis in hospitals: A cross-sectional survey in Italy
Risk assessment, environmental monitoring, and the disinfection of water systems are the key elements in preventing legionellosis risk.
The Italian Study Group of Hospital Hygiene of the Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health and the Italian Multidisciplinary Society for the Prevention of Health Care-Associated Infections carried out a national cross-sectional survey to investigate the measures taken to prevent and control legionellosis in Italian hospitals.
A multiple-choice questionnaire was developed, comprising 71 questions regarding hospital location, general characteristics, clinical and environmental surveillance, and control and preventive measures for legionellosis in 2015. Overall, 739 hospitals were enrolled from February to June 2017, and 178 anonymous questionnaires were correctly completed and evaluated (response rate: 24.1%). The survey was conducted using the SurveyMonkey (R) platform, and the data were analyzed using Stata 12 software.
Of the participating hospitals, 63.2% reported at least one case of legionellosis, of which 28.2% were of proven nosocomial origin. The highest case numbers were reported in the Northern Italy, in hospitals with a pavilion structure or cooling towers, and in hospitals with higher numbers of beds, wards and operating theaters. Laboratory diagnosis was performed using urinary antigen testing alone (31.9%), both urinary antigen testing and single antibody titer (17.8%), or with seroconversion also added (21.5%). Culture-based or molecular investigations were performed in 28.8% and 22.1% of the clinical specimens, respectively.
The water systems were routinely tested for Legionella in 97.4% of the hospitals, 62% of which detected a positive result (> 1000 cfu/L). Legionella pneumophila serogroup 2-15 was the most frequently isolated species (58.4%). The most common control measures were the disinfection of the water system (73.7%), mostly through thermal shock (37.4%) and chlorine dioxide (34.4%), and the replacement (69.7%) or cleaning (70.4%) of faucets and showerheads.
A dedicated multidisciplinary team was present in 52.8% of the hospitals, and 73% of the hospitals performed risk assessment. Targeted training courses were organized in 36.5% of the hospitals, involving nurses (30.7%), physicians (28.8%), biologists (21.5%), technicians (26.4%), and cleaners (11%).
Control and prevention measures for legionellosis are present in Italian hospitals, but some critical aspects should be improved. More appropriate risk assessment is necessary, especially in large facilities with a high number of hospitalizations. Moreover, more sensitive diagnostic tests should be used, and dedicated training courses should be implemented
Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial
Background:
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke.
Methods:
We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30â50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515.
Findings:
Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10â793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68â0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group.
Interpretation:
In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Funding:
GlaxoSmithKline
- âŠ