The social impacts of large projects on Indigenous Peoples:Procedures, processes and protests

Hanna, P. (2016). The social impacts of large projects on Indigenous Peoples: Procedures, processes and protests [Groningen]: University of Groningen Bedrijven die de sociale impact van hun activiteiten onvoldoende aandacht geven, zullen minder makkelijk een Social Licence to Operate verkrijgen of behouden. Dit betekent dat bedrijven minder steun van de plaatselijke gemeenschap zullen hebben om een bepaald project te implementeren of uit te voeren, wat een flinke financiële tegenslag kan betekenen. Grote projecten met grote sociale en milieu effecten voor lokale gemeenschappen komen wereldwijd veelvuldig voor en kunnen tijdens de implementatie en uitvoering zelfs tot schendingen van mensenrechten leiden. Als aan de sociale impact te weinig aandacht wordt besteed, kan dat leiden tot ongewenste effecten op de lokale bevolking: zoals zorgen over, en angst voor, projecten en hun impact op de verbintenis met de leefomgeving (sense of place), sociaal kapitaal en welzijn. Wanneer Inheemse volken beïnvloed worden, worden deze gevolgen vergroot vanwege de specifieke cultuur en de sterke band met de leefomgeving en het milieu. Negatieve effecten kunnen betrekking hebben op de sociale organisatie, de taal, het levensonderhoud, de plaatselijke voedselvoorziening en gezondheid. Deze studie biedt een overzichtelijk perspectief op de implementatie van grootschalige projecten die waarschijnlijk grote maatschappelijke impact hebben en milieubelasting betekenen voor Inheemse volken. Op een Braziliaanse case study gebaseerd worden aanbevelingen gedaan hoe projecten de rechten van gemeenschappen kunnen respecteren en conflict kan worden verminderd teneinde de relaties tussen de bedrijven en Inheemse volken te verbeteren

Comida forte e comida fraca: alimentação e fabricação dos corpos entre os Kaingáng da terra indígena Xapecó (Santa Catarina, Brasil)

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, Florianópolis, 2009Este trabalho se propõe a compreender a alimentação dos Kaingáng da Terra Indígena (TI) Xapecó (SC) por uma perspectiva antropológica, contemplando seus aspectos práticos e simbólicos. Entre os povos ameríndios a alimentação articula-se intimamente com suas concepções sobre corpo, influenciando-o diretamente. Entre os Kaingáng, a fabricação dos corpos articula-se com a mudança ocorrida na alimentação entre o "tempo dos antigos" e hoje. De acordo com a rede semântica nativa, a "comida antiga" era mais "forte" que a atual, bem como o corpo das pessoas que dela comiam. A nova comida, do "branco", considerada "fraca", estaria construindo corpos também "fracos" e mais suscetíveis à doenças entre os jovens. São abordados ainda festas, jogos, visitas e outros modos de compartilhamento de comida. Esses eventos serão analisados à luz da cosmologia Kaingáng, a fim de entender a lógica da generosidade e as diversas trocas operadas nesses contextos, seja entre homens ou entre homens e deuses. Essas práticas são compreendidas como práticas de auto-atenção à saúde do grupo um como todo, tendo em vista que fortalecem todo o corpo social, além de valorizarem a distribuição e produção de "comida forte", considerada saudável pelos Kaingáng.This study seeks to understand alimentary practices of the Kaingáng of the Xapecó Indian Reservation from an anthropological perspective that considers its practical and symbolic aspects. Among Amerindian peoples, food is closely tied to their views on the body, influencing it directly. Among the Kaingáng these bodily aspects are articulated with changes in alimentation between the "time of the elders" and today. According to the native semantic network, "ancient food" is "stronger" than that which has been introduced with contact, as well as the bodies that consumed it. The new food, "white" food, is considered "weak", and it is producing the weak" bodies of the youth, making them more susceptible to illness. Festivities, games, visiting and other occasions that involved the sharing food were studied. These events were analyzed in the light of Kaingáng cosmology, in order to understand the logic of generosity and the various exchanges performed in these contexts, be they between humans or between humans and gods. These practices are also considered to be health practices for the group as a whole, since they strengthen the social body, and value the distribution and production of the "strong food" considered healthy by the Kaingáng

The importance of cultural aspects in impact assessment and project: developmentreflections from a case study of a hydroelectric dam in Brazil

Failure to consider the cultural and social factors of projects can lead to situations where mitigation does not effectively address the impacts they were intended to alleviate, and can even create other impacts. We critically analyse the processes of designing and implementing a social and environmental compensation program for the Lajeado Hydroelectric Dam in the Amazon region of central-northern Brazil. This mitigation program caused a wide range of social and environmental impacts on the Xerente Indigenous people, such as intra-group conflict, and changes in agricultural practices and food regime. Based on qualitative fieldwork and an extensive document analysis, we present a contextualization of the region, the project, the Xerente people, and their cosmological understandings. We consider the perspectives of a broad range of stakeholders about the compensation program and its outcomes, and demonstrate how traditional cultural practices and values played a role in the unfolding of the program. Better comprehension of sociocultural aspects through the use of ethnography, ongoing consultation, and meaningful community participation in the planning and implementation of mitigation measures are recommended.</p

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Comida forte e comida fraca

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, Florianópolis, 2009Este trabalho se propõe a compreender a alimentação dos Kaingáng da Terra Indígena (TI) Xapecó (SC) por uma perspectiva antropológica, contemplando seus aspectos práticos e simbólicos. Entre os povos ameríndios a alimentação articula-se intimamente com suas concepções sobre corpo, influenciando-o diretamente. Entre os Kaingáng, a fabricação dos corpos articula-se com a mudança ocorrida na alimentação entre o "tempo dos antigos" e hoje. De acordo com a rede semântica nativa, a "comida antiga" era mais "forte" que a atual, bem como o corpo das pessoas que dela comiam. A nova comida, do "branco", considerada "fraca", estaria construindo corpos também "fracos" e mais suscetíveis à doenças entre os jovens. São abordados ainda festas, jogos, visitas e outros modos de compartilhamento de comida. Esses eventos serão analisados à luz da cosmologia Kaingáng, a fim de entender a lógica da generosidade e as diversas trocas operadas nesses contextos, seja entre homens ou entre homens e deuses. Essas práticas são compreendidas como práticas de auto-atenção à saúde do grupo um como todo, tendo em vista que fortalecem todo o corpo social, além de valorizarem a distribuição e produção de "comida forte", considerada saudável pelos Kaingáng.This study seeks to understand alimentary practices of the Kaingáng of the Xapecó Indian Reservation from an anthropological perspective that considers its practical and symbolic aspects. Among Amerindian peoples, food is closely tied to their views on the body, influencing it directly. Among the Kaingáng these bodily aspects are articulated with changes in alimentation between the "time of the elders" and today. According to the native semantic network, "ancient food" is "stronger" than that which has been introduced with contact, as well as the bodies that consumed it. The new food, "white" food, is considered "weak", and it is producing the weak" bodies of the youth, making them more susceptible to illness. Festivities, games, visiting and other occasions that involved the sharing food were studied. These events were analyzed in the light of Kaingáng cosmology, in order to understand the logic of generosity and the various exchanges performed in these contexts, be they between humans or between humans and gods. These practices are also considered to be health practices for the group as a whole, since they strengthen the social body, and value the distribution and production of the "strong food" considered healthy by the Kaingáng

Indigenous territorial rights

Indigenous territorial rights are crucial to ensure the self-determination of Indigenous peoples, particularly where states have inadequate legal frameworks and/or lack the resources to ensure protection. Violations of their rights frequently occur, usually with the complicity of governments, for example by governments approving resource extraction projects on Indigenous territories without having obtained the Free, Prior and Informed Consent of the affected groups. Continued access to their territories is particularly important so that Indigenous peoples can transmit their traditional knowledge to younger generations by engaging in their cultural practices