Registration of ‘Serenut 5R’ Groundnut

‘Serenut 5R’ (Reg. No. CV-129, PI 676092) is a new high-yielding, spanish-type groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. fastigiata var. vulgaris) with two seeds per pod. Serenut 5R was released in 2010 by the National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute, Soroti, Uganda. It was a selection from the ICRISAT advanced line ICGV-SM 93535. Serenut 5R originated from a cross made between ICGM 522 and ‘RG 1’. ICGV-SM 93535 was developed by using repeated bulk selections for groundnut rosette disease resistance, using the infector row technique at the ICRISAT-Malawi research station. Performance tests in replicated trials were performed in Uganda in 2008 and 2009. Trials were performed in two seasons each year and averaged over 10 rainfed locations in Uganda. Serenut 5R matures in 100 to 110 d, similar to the widely grown control cultivar Serenut 3R. Serenut 5R resulted in significantly higher pod yields (16%) than Serenut 3R, and the shellout percentage for Serenut 5R was 4.8% higher than Serenut 3R. Seed testa is red, and the seeds are slightly larger than those of Serenut 3R. The sound mature kernel count for Serenut 5R was 38.7 g 100−1 compared with 32.38 g 100−1 for Serenut 3R, an increase of 19.51%. The dormancy period for Serenut 5R was significantly less than Serenut 3R

GENE EFFECTS FOR RESISTANCE TO GROUNDNUT ROSSETTE DISEASE IN EXOTIC VALENCIA GROUNDNUTS

Two exotic Valencia groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding lines (NuMex-M3 and Valencia C) with superior characteristics were introduced by National Legume Improvement Program at the National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute (NaSARRI), from the United States of America, to broaden the Valencia germplasm base in Uganda. The materials were evaluated for biotic and abiotic stresses, but succumbed to groundnut rosette disease (GRD). For these superior lines to find utility in Uganda, they need further improvement by introducing resistance genes to GRD. A study was conducted at NaSARRI to determine nature of gene action controlling resistance to GRD, using the Exotic Valencia groundnut breeding materials.Six generations that included F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2 populations, together with their parents (P1and P2) of each of the six crosses, namely Valencia C (P1) 7 ICGV-SM 90704 (P2), Valencia C (P1) 7 ICGV-SM 96801(P2), Valencia C (P1) 7 ICGV-SM 99566 (P2), NuMex-M3 (P1) 7 ICGV-SM 90704 (P2), NuMex-M3 7 ICGV-SM 96801 (P2), and NuMex-M3 (P1) 7 ICGV-SM 99566 (P2), were evaluated for GRD resistance.The study reaveled additive and non-additive gene effects in the control of GRD resistance.Three types of epistatic gene effects, viz. additive 7 additive [i], additive 7 dominance [j] and dominance 7 dominance [l],were exhibited tocontrol GRD resistance. The component dominance 7 dominance [l] was more predominant in Valencia C 7 ICGV-SM 96801, NuMex-M3 7 ICGV-SM 96801, NuMex- M3 7 ICGV-SM 90704, NuMex-M3 7 ICGV-SM 99566 and Valencia C 7 ICGV-SM 99566 crosses. Opposite and significant signs of dominance [d] and dominance 7 dominance [l] components indicated the importance of duplicate epitasis in the latter crosses in the control of GRD resistance, which revealed a complex nature of inheritance of GRD resistance.Deux nouvelles vari\ue9t\ue9s d\u2019arachide ( Arachis hypogaea L.) de la lign\ue9e Valencia (NuMex-M3 et Valencia C) ayant des traits sup\ue9rieurs, ont \ue9t\ue9 import\ue9es des Etats Unis d\u2019Am\ue9riques par le Programme National d\u2019am\ue9lioration des l\ue9gumineuses et introduites \ue0 l\u2019Institut Nationale de Recherche sur les Ressources Semi-Arides (NaSARRI), dans le but d\u2019\ue9largir la base g\ue9n\ue9tique de la lign\ue9e Valencia en Ouganda. Ce mat\ue9riel g\ue9n\ue9tique a \ue9t\ue9 \ue9valu\ue9 pour les stress biotiques et abiotiques, mais a succomb\ue9 \ue0 l\u2019attaque par la rosette d\u2019arachide (GRD). Afin que ces lign\ue9es sup\ue9rieures trouvent leur utilit\ue9 en Ouganda, il faudra les am\ue9liorer d\u2019avantage, en y introduisant des genes de r\ue9sistance au GRD. Une exp\ue9rimentation a \ue9t\ue9 conduite \ue0 NaSARRI afin de determiner l\u2019action des genes controllant la r\ue9sistance au GRD, en se servant des lign\ue9es exotiques du type d\u2019arachide Valencia. Six g\ue9n\ue9rations form\ue9es de F1, F2, BC1P1 et BC1P2 populations, et des parents (P1 and P2) de chacun des six croisements, plus pr\ue9cis\ue9ment, Valencia C (P1) 7 ICGV-SM 90704 (P2), Valencia C (P1) 7 ICGV-SM 96801(P2), Valencia C (P1) 7 ICGV-SM 99566 (P2), NuMex-M3 (P1) 7 ICGV-SM 90704 (P2), NuMex-M3 7 ICGV-SM 96801 (P2), et NuMex-M3 (P1) 7 ICGV-SM 99566 (P2), ont \ue9t\ue9 \ue9valu\ue9 pour leur r\ue9sistance au GRD. L\u2019\ue9tude a r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9 des effets additifs et non-additifs des g\ue8nes controllant la r\ue9sistance au GRD. Trois types d\u2019effets epistatiques des g\ue8nes, viz. additif 7 additif [i], additif 7 dominance [j] and dominance 7 dominance [l], ont \ue9t\ue9 observ\ue9s. La composante dominance 7 dominance [l] \ue9tait la plus pr\ue9dominante chez les croisements Valencia C 7 ICGV-SM 96801, NuMex-M3 7 ICGV-SM 96801, NuMex- M3 7 ICGV-SM 90704, NuMex-M3 7 ICGV-SM 99566 et Valencia C 7 ICGV-SM 99566. Des signes oppos\ue9s et significatives des composantes dominance [d] et dominance 7 dominance [l] ont montr\ue9 l\u2019importance de la double \ue9pistasie dans les derniers croisements pour la r\ue9sistance au GRD, indiquant ainsi la nature complexe du mode de transmission de la r\ue9sistance au GRD

NARROW SENSE HERITABILITY AND GENE EFFECTS FOR LATE LEAF SPOT RESISTANCE IN VALENCIA GROUNDNUTS

Late leaf spot (LLS), Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. and Curtis) Deighton, is one of the most important foliar diseases of groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) worldwide. Effective chemical control is heavily reliant upon multiple fungicide applications which are costly for resource poor farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. The deployment of resistant cultivars is a better option to control this disease in groundnut. A study was conducted to determine narrow sense heritability and gene action controlling LLS resistance in Valencia groundnut materials. The materials used included six generations; F1, F2, F1 backcrosses to the susceptible BC1P1 and resistant BC1P2 parents, and their respective parental lines of crosses between NuMex-M3 7 ICGV-SM 02501, Valencia C 7 ICGV-SM 02501and Redbeauty 7 ICGV-SM 03590. All the test materials were evaluated at the National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute (NaSARRI) at Serere in Uganda. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were 12, 27 and 36%, for Redbeauty 7 ICGV-SM 03590, Valencia C 7 ICGV-SM 02501 and NuMex-M3 7 ICGV-SM 02501 crosses, respectively. Both additive and dominance gene effects contributed significantly to the inheritance of LLS resistance in all the crosses, except in Redbeauty 7 ICGV-SM 02501 where the effects of dominance were not significant.La tache fusarienne tardive (LLS), Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. and Curtis) Deighton, est l\u2019une des plus importantes maladies foliaires \ue0 l\u2019\ue9chelle mondiale au niveau de l\u2019arachide ( Arachis hypogaea L.). Une lutte chimique efficace contre cette maladie n\ue9cessite l\u2019utilisation en quantit\ue9 importante de plusieurs types de fongicides. Cette approche est tr\ue8s co\ufbteuse pour \ueatre adopt\ue9e par les petits paysans de l\u2019Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Le d\ue9veloppement de vari\ue9t\ue9s r\ue9sistantes est une meilleure option pour lutter contre cette maladie dont est sujette l\u2019arachide. Une \ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9alis\ue9e afin de d\ue9terminer l\u2019h\ue9ritabilit\ue9 au sens strict et l\u2019action des g\ue8nes contr\uf4lant la r\ue9sistance \ue0 LLS dans la vari\ue9t\ue9 d\u2019arachide Valencia. Les mat\ue9riels g\ue9n\ue9tiques utilis\ue9es comprennent six g\ue9n\ue9rations; F1, F2, F1 crois\ue9e en retour avec les parents susceptible BC1P1 et celui r\ue9sistant BC1P2\ua0; ainsi que les parents respectifs des croisements effectu\ue9s entre NuMex-M3 7 ICGV-SM 02501, Valencia C 7 ICGV-SM 02501 et Redbeauty 7 ICGV-SM 03590. Toutes ces vari\ue9t\ue9s ont \ue9t\ue9 \ue9valu\ue9es dans l\u2019institut de recherche des ressources nationales semi-arides (NaSARRI) \ue0 Serere en Ouganda. L\u2019h\ue9ritabilit\ue9 au sens strict \ue9tait estim\ue9e \ue0 12, 27 et 36%, respectivement pour les croisements entre Redbeauty 7 ICGV-SM 03590, Valencia C 7 ICGV-SM 02501 et NuMex-M3 7 ICGV-SM 02501. Dans tous les croisements, la r\ue9sistance \ue0 LLS est sous le control aussi bien de l\u2019action dominante que de l\u2019action additive des g\ue8nes\ua0; sauf dans le cas de Redbeauty 7 ICGV-SM 02501 o\uf9 les effets dominants des g\ue8nes ne sont pas significatifs

COMPOSITION AND VARIATION OF FATTY ACIDS AMONG GROUNDNUT CULTIVARS IN UGANDA

Groundnuts ( Arachis hypogaea L.) contain approximately 44-56% oil made up of fatty acids. Oleic and linoleic acids comprise about 80% of fatty acids in groundnuts. Groundnuts with >80% oleic are beneficial health-wise and also improve groundnut quality, flavour, and extended shelf-life, which is beneficial to traders. In Uganda, however, little is known about the fatty acids content of commercially available cultivars. This study was undertaken to determine the fatty acid composition of the most recently released commercially available groundnut cultivars in Uganda. Eleven groundnut genotypes were profiled for different fatty acids using gas chromatography (GC). Data were recorded in percentages from chromatographs and totaled up to about 100%. Oleic to linoleic ratios (O/L) and iodine values were calculated from fatty acid data. Groundnut genotypes tested differed significantly (P<0.05) in oleic, linoleic, palmitic, behenic, gadoleic, arachidic and palmitoleic acids. Oleic acid was highest in Lot 197 line, and linoleic acid was lowest in the same line. Oleic acid was lowest in Serenut 7 (43.19%) and linoleic acid was highest in the same line (33.45%). The lowest iodine value was observed in 197 (84.14); and the highest in Serenut 9T (96.59). Significant correlations (P<0.001) were observed between most of the fatty acids, except between arachidic versus gadoleic, stearic and gamma linoleic.L\u2019Arachide ( Arachis hypogaea L.) contient approximativement 44-55% d\u2019huile faites d\u2019acides gras. Les acides ol\ue9ique et linol\ue9ique constituent environ 80% des acides gras dans l\u2019arachide. Les arachides avec plus de 80% d\u2019ol\ue9iques sont b\ue9n\ue9fiques pour la sant\ue9 et aussi am\ue9liorent la qualit\ue9 de l\u2019arachide, le go\ufbt, et une longue dur\ue9e de conservation, avantageux pour les commer\ue7ants. En Ouganda, toutefois, tr\ue8s peu d\u2019informations sont disponibles concernant la teneur en acides gras des cultivars commercialement disponibles. Cette \ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9 entreprise pour d\ue9terminer la composition en acide gras de la majorit\ue9 des cultivars d\u2019arachides r\ue9cemment lib\ue9r\ue9s et commercialement disponibles en Ouganda. Onze g\ue9notypes d\u2019arachide ont \ue9t\ue9 profil\ue9s pour les diff\ue9rents acides gras en utilisant le gaz chromatographie (GC). Les donn\ue9es ont\ua0\ue9t\ue9 collect\ue9es des chromatographes en pourcentages et additionn\ue9es jusqu\u2019\ue0 environ 100%. Les rapports d\u2019ol\ue9iques au linol\ue9iques (O/L) et les valeurs d\u2019iode ont \ue9t\ue9 calcul\ue9es \ue0 partir des donn\ue9es des acides gras. Les g\ue9notypes d\u2019arachide test\ue9s ont \ue9t\ue9 significativement (P<0,05) diff\ue9rents en acides ol\ue9ique, linol\ue9ique, palmitique, b\ue9h\ue9nique, gadol\ue9ique, arachidique et palmitoleique. L\u2019acide ol\ue9ique \ue9tait le plus \ue9lev\ue9 dans la lign\ue9e Lot 197, et l\u2019acide linol\ue9ique \ue9tait le plus faible dans la m\ueame lign\ue9e. L\u2019acide ol\ue9ique \ue9tait le plus faible en Serenut 7 (43,19%) et l\u2019acide linol\ue9ique \ue9tait le plus \ue9lev\ue9 dans la m\ueame lign\ue9e (33,45%). La plus faible valeur de l\u2019iode \ue9tait observ\ue9e dans 197 (84,14)\ua0; et la valeur la plus \ue9lev\ue9e dans Serenut 9T (96,59). Des corr\ue9lations significatives (P<0,001) \ue9taient observ\ue9e entre la majorit\ue9 des acides gras, sauf entre l\u2019acide arachidique contre les acides gadol\ue9ique, st\ue9arique et gamma linol\ue9ique

Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Peer reviewe

Registration of ‘Serenut 6T’ Groundnut

’Serenut 6T’ (Reg. No. CV-136, PI 682726) is a high-yielding, Spanish-type groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. fastigiata var. vulgaris) with two seeds per pod. Serenut 6T was released in 2010 by the National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute, Soroti, Uganda. Serenut 6T was a selection from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) advanced line ICGV-SM 99566, which originated from a cross made between ‘ICGV 93437’ and ‘ICGV-SM 93561’. ICGV-SM 99566 was developed by using repeated bulk selections for groundnut rosette disease (GRD) resistance. Replicated performance trials were conducted in Uganda in 2008 and 2009. Trials were performed in two seasons each year for a total of 24 rainfed trials in Uganda. Serenut 6T matures in 90 to 95 d, similar to the widely grown control cultivar Serenut 4T. Serenut 6T resulted in significantly higher pod yields (43.1%) than Serenut 4T. While the shelling percentage for Serenut 6T was 7.9% lower than Serenut 4T, Serenut 6T is easier to shell by hand, a trait preferred by farmers. The seed testa is tan, and the seed is larger than that of Serenut 4T. The sound mature kernel weight for Serenut 6T was 38.1 g 100−1 seed compared with 29.4 g 100−1 seed for Serenut 4T, an increase of 29.6%. Compared with Serenut 4T, Serenut 6T is a higher-yielding cultivar with more durable resistance to GRD

Agronomic Performance and Breeding Potential of Selected Inbred Lines for Improvement of Protein Quality of Adapted Ugandan Maize Germplasm

The use of exotic Quality Maize (QPM) donors to broaden the germplasm base used by breeders is important. This study evaluated the potential QPM inbred donors from CIMMYT for improvement of the protein quality of adapted maize lines in Uganda. Experimental plots were planted at Namulonge Agricultural and Animal Research Institute (NAARI) which is a known hot spot for several foliar diseases. Six QPM and six non QPM inbreds were planted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) design with 3 replicates in 5-m rows. The twelve parental materials were crossed in a 6 X 6 half diallel mating design with QPM donors as males. Incidence and severity of major diseases were scored 4 times during the season while key agronomic descriptors were recorded. The field evaluation revealed that CML159 and CML144 are very susceptible to Maize streak virus (MSVD) and Turcicum leaf blight (TLB), two of the major foliar diseases in Uganda. CML173, the earliest maturing donor with the best plant aspects had moderate resistance to the major foliar diseases. CML176 with the exception of high MSV severity had moderate resistance to other diseases, good plant aspects, high protein quality and quantity. CML181 is MSVD resistant, moderately resistance to other diseases but had the lowest tryptophan level. CML182 was very susceptible to MSVD, TLB and had a poor plant aspect. Significant genotype sum of squares were divided into general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability. Results indicated that existence of genetic divergence for all the diseases analyzed, where additive effects were predominant. QPM donors CML176 and CML173 were superior in terms GCA for the major foliar diseases, plant aspects and protein quality and quantity. We, therefore, recommend these lines for inclusion in Ugandan QPM breeding programs

Enhancing Introgression of the Opaque-2 Trait into Elite Maize Lines Using Simple Sequence Repeats

To improve on the efficiency of Quality Protein Maize (QPM) breeding in Uganada, the utility of three simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers (phi057, phi112 and umc1066) in selection and introgression of the opaque-2 (o2) gene was investigated. Genomic DNA of six normal and seven (QPM) lines was analysed using a standard PCR protocol. Polymorphisms were detected in the Opaque-2 locus among all the maize lines when using the SSR primers, phi057 and phi112, while no polymorphism was detected with primer umc1066. To facilitate background selection in the heterozygous BC2 progeny, key phenotypic characters of the recurrent parent (136R) were used as additional markers. The SSR marker phi057 was co-dominant while phi112 was dominant. The polymorphic SSR markers correctly predicted the expression of tryptophan in kernels of all QPM inbreds and five of the six non-QPM inbred lines. However, one non-QPM inbred line (PED49B) had a tryptophan content that is characteristic of the o2 mutation (0.090), suggesting that another genetic system may be responsible for the expression of tryptophan in this maize line. Phi057 was employed to monitor the introgression of the o2 allele from CML176 to 136R. Of the 200 BC1F1 (136R/CML176/136R) plants genotyped, 104 were found to be heterozygous, producing products corresponding to both alleles (o2 and O2), while 96 produced a single band corresponding to the homozygous dominant (O2O2) condition. The ratio of the two groups in the backcross (BC) population was consistent with proportion 1 :1 accorded by the Chi-square rest (X2=0.16<X2 0.05=3.84) for a single gene in a BC population. Therefore, under the conditions of PCR used, SSR markers phi057 and phi112 will constitute the framework for marker assisted introgression of the o2 trait into suitable maize genotypes in Uganda