Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency and Their Effect on Oxidative Stress

Objective: Though the relationship between glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been reported, their interaction to influence oxidative stress is not fully understood. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between T2D and G6PD deficiency and assessed their effect on oxidative stress. Methodology: A total of 73 T2D and 75 non-diabetic (ND) out-patients at Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH) in Enugu, Nigeria were recruited. They were screened for G6PD deficiency, oxidative stress markers; lipid peroxidation, protein peroxidation and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities were assayed. Results: Oxidative stress was influenced by T2D as malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl and HbA1c levels were significantly higher (p0.05) interaction between G6PD deficiency and T2D to influence oxidative stress in patients. Conclusion: The interaction between G6PD deficiency and T2D did not influence oxidative stress though there was a possible relationship between G6PD deficiency and T2D in male patients.This study was partially supported by the competitive research grant of Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu Nigeria.Published onlin

An overview of anti-diabetic plants used in Gabon: Pharmacology and Toxicology

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Ethnopharmacological relevance: The management of diabetes mellitus management in African communities, especially in Gabon, is not well established as more than 60% of population rely on traditional treatments as primary healthcare. The aim of this review was to collect and present the scientific evidence for the use of medicinal plants that are in currect by Gabonese traditional healers to manage diabetes or hyperglycaemia based here on the pharmacological and toxicological profiles of plants with anti-diabetic activity. There are presented in order to promote their therapeutic value, ensure a safer use by population and provide some bases for further study on high potential plants reviewed. Materials and methods: Ethnobotanical studies were sourced using databases such as Online Wiley library, Pubmed, Google Scholar, PROTA, books and unpublished data including Ph.D. and Master thesis, African and Asian journals. Keywords including ‘Diabetes’ ‘Gabon’ ‘Toxicity’ ‘Constituents’ ‘hyperglycaemia’ were used. Results: A total of 69 plants currently used in Gabon with potential anti-diabetic activity have been identified in the literature, all of which have been used in in vivo or in vitro studies. Most of the plants have been studied in human or animal models for their ability to reduce blood glucose, stimulate insulin secretion or inhibit carbohydrates enzymes. Active substances have been identified in 12 out of 69 plants outlined in this review, these include Allium cepa and Tabernanthe iboga. Only eight plants have their active substances tested for anti-diabetic activity and are suitables for further investigation. Toxicological data is scarce and is dose-related to the functional parameters of major organs such as kidney and liver. Conclusion: An in-depth understanding on the pharmacology and toxicology of Gabonese anti-diabetic plants is lacking yet there is a great scope for new treatments. With further research, the use of Gabonese anti-diabetic plants is important to ensure the safety of the diabetic patients in Gabon.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Monitoring Cataract Surgical Outcome in a Public Hospital in Orlu, South East Nigeria

Objective: To determine the proportion and causes of poor visual outcome of cataract operations done in a public hospital in southeast Nigeria and propose actions to improve the cataract surgical outcome.Method: A prospective observational analysis of the initial hundred cases of cataract operations done in Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu between October, 2007 and June, 2009. The Manual Cataract Surgical Record System developed by the International Center for Eye Health, London was used. Consecutive patients undergoing cataract operationwere examined on admission, at discharge, 4-8 weeks follow up and information entered in cataract surgical record forms was collated in manual tally sheets and analyzed. The WHO target guidelines on the visual outcome of cataract surgery were used.                                Result: Total of 108 eyes operated (100 available for 4-8 weeks follow up). All were extracapsular cataract extractions with intraocular lens implants. The proportions of cases with poor outcome were 19.5% at discharge and 9.0% at 4-8 weeks follow up. The causes of poor outcome at discharge were uncorrected refractive error 8.3%, surgical complications 7.4% and coexisting disease 3.7%. The causes of poor outcome at 4-8 weeks follow up were surgical complications 5%, coexisting disease 2% andpost-operation sequelae 2%.                                                     Conclusion: There is need to improve the quality of cataract operations in the hospital. Recommended actions include provision of irrigation/aspiration cannulas, improved preoperative examination of cases, provision of biometry facilities and retraining of surgeons.Niger Med J. Vol. 50, No. 4, Oct.–Dec., 2009: 77–79.Key words: monitoring, cataract, visual outcome, surgicalcomplication

Phytochemical characteristics of the root bark of Erythrina senegalensis

Phytochemical analyses were carried out on crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of the root bark of Erythrina senegalensis (RES) to validate its efficacy as a local herb for the treatment of filarial eye lesions. Thin layer chromatograph (TLC), using the solvent system chloroform and methanol (2:1) was done on aqueous and ethanol extracts of the root bark, with 3 mg Ivermectin, a commercial anti-filarial, anthelminthic and ecto-parasitic drug presented as Mectizan ® serving as standard. The analysis indicated the presence of alkaloids, proteins, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and carbohydrates in the root back extract. The relative fraction (Rf) value of Mectizan ® in ethanol extract was 0.942, while that of RES sample was 0.941. The Rf value of Mectizan ® in aqueous extract on the other hand was 0.954, while that of RES sample was 0.952. These results indicate that the root bark of Erythrina senegalensis may possess some anti-filarial as well as anthelminthic and ecto-parasitic activities. International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 2(1) 2006: 12-1

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion AssociatedWith Sildenafil (Viagra)

Objectives - To report the occurrence of a severe, blinding and irreversible adverse effect following use of the drug sildenafil citrate (Viagra). Methods - This is a case report of a 60 year old man who presented with unilateral, sudden onset, painless, visual loss following the use of sildenafil citrate 100 mg twice weekly, prescribed for his erectile dysfunction. Examination revealed a visual acuity of 6/6 in the right eye and counting fingers left eye. His left fundus showed marked, diffuse disc edema, extensive retinal hemorrhages in all quadrants, engorged retinal veins and cotton wool spots on the macula. His intraocular pressures were 27mmHg right eye and 25mmHg left eye. Results - Fundus fluoresceine angiography confirmed left ischemic central retinal vein occlusion Conclusion - Central retinal vein occlusion is a possible adverse effect of sildenafil use. Physicians should be vigilant while prescribing thismedication and avoid its use in patients with elevated intraocular pressur

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion AssociatedWith Sildenafil (Viagra)

Objectives To report the occurrence of a severe, blinding and irreversible adverse effect following use of the drug sildenafil citrate (Viagra). Methods This is a case report of a 60 year old man who presented with unilateral, suddenonset, painless, visual loss following the use of sildenafil citrate 100mg twice weekly, prescribed for his erectile dysfunction. Examination revealed a visual acuity of 6/6 in the right eye and counting fingers left eye. His left fundus showed marked, diffuse disc edema, extensive retinal hemorrhages in all quadrants, engorged retinal veins and cotton wool spots on the macula. His intraocular pressures were 27mmHg right eye and 25mmHg left eye. Results Fundus fluoresceine angiography confirmed left ischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Conclusion Central retinal vein occlusion is a possible adverse effect of sildenafil use. Physicians should be vigilant while prescribing thismedication and avoid its use in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. KeyWords: Sildenafil, Central retinal vein occlusion, Adverse effects, Erectile dysfunctio

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm in a 20 year old boy presenting as non-isolated third nerve palsy

Objective: The need for neuro-imaging in non-isolated third nerve palsy remains uncertain. Even with associated partial pupillary involvement, the possibility of aneurysm is said to be low. We highlight the need for vigilance for possible life-threatening aneurysms in cases of non-isolated third nerve palsies. Method: Case report of a 20 years old boy who presented with drooping of the left upper eyelid, double vision and dull headache. Examination showed moderate ptosis, 300 exotropia and limited extraocular movements of the left eye. Quantitative pupillary measurement revealed 1mm anisocoria with decreased left pupillary light response. Result: A clinical diagnosis of left third and fourth cranial nerve palsies from intracranial space-occupying lesion was made. Computed tomography and computed tomography angiography confirmed left posterior communicating artery aneurysm. Conclusion: Any degree of pupillary involvement in third nerve palsy, whether isolated or not should warrant neuroimaging in view of the high mortality risk from intracranial aneurysms