Fast Hole Tunneling Times in Germanium Hut Wires Probed by Single-Shot Reflectometry

Heavy holes confined in quantum dots are predicted to be promising candidates for the realization of spin qubits with long coherence times. Here we focus on such heavy-hole states confined in Germanium hut wires. By tuning the growth density of the latter we can realize a T-like structure between two neighboring wires. Such a structure allows the realization of a charge sensor, which is electrostatically and tunnel coupled to a quantum dot, with charge-transfer signals as high as 0.3e. By integrating the T-like structure into a radio-frequency reflectometry setup, single-shot measurements allowing the extraction of hole tunneling times are performed. The extracted tunneling times of less than 10$\mu$s are attributed to the small effective mass of Ge heavy-hole states and pave the way towards projective spin readout measurements

Peculiarities of Intersystemic Correlation Relationships of M-Response and F-Wave Characteristics in the Forearms Symmetric Muscles Which Participate in the Implementation of Multiple Coordinated Bimanual Movements

The organization of combined voluntary goal directed movements of hands has remained a serious scientific problem with a pronounced applicable nature.  Insufficiency of a procedural framework and clear quantitative and qualitative criteria causes gaps and difficulties in professional selection, the effectiveness diagnosis of work-out session in sports and rehabilitation within remedial treatment.  The aim of the investigation is to study the adjustment and co-adjustment of the effector apparatus elements, which are the basis of bimanual coordination, in the groups of male and female trial subjects. In the following study, based on informed consent in accordance with the ethics committee requirements, 75 subjects (39 men and 36 women) at the age of 18-20 took part. F-wave and M-response parameters registration was carried out by means of NMA-4-01 “NEUROMIAN” neuromyoanalyzer (Taganrog, Russia) according to the standard method. It has been established that the nerve centers responsible for the work of homonymous muscles in the right and left forearms, innervating synergists and antagonists, are to a certain extent in the initial adjustment and co-adjustment according to the level of activity, which determines not only the moment of the excitement onset, but also the speed of its irradiation.  The revealed manifestations of adjustment and co-adjustment have pronounced sex differences.  Proceeding from the fact that female trial subjects have a lower level of bimanual movements if compared with men, it can be assumed that the revealed features of correlational relationships determine, to a certain extent, coordination abilities of men and women

The Influence of Factors on Bitcoin Value Formation

The study is based on hypotheses about the influence of factors on bitcoin value formation. The aim of the article is the scientific inquiry and determination of factors affecting bitcoin value with a high level of correlation. The list of factors includes 33 world indicators, among which there are other cryptocurrencies, fiat money, world indices of stock markets, shares of powerful global companies, prices for energy and precious metals. As a result of the study, independent influential factors are selected and a correlation-regression model of bitcoin value is built. The statistical significance of the factors included in the model and the correlation-regression equation that allows simulating bitcoin value is substantiated. Practical approval of the proposed model using the actual data of the identified influence factors is carried out. Prospects for further research in this direction are based on applying trends as to independent factors that markedly affect the value of a bitcoin in order to model its future value. In addition to the factors identified, a significant influence on bitcoin value can be made by supply and demand, bitcoin scalability, interference of government regulatory institutions, the shadow money market, volume and nature of news in the crypto currency market

Spitzer spectral line mapping of the HH211 outflow

Aims: We employ archival Spitzer slit-scan observations of the HH211 outflow in order to investigate its warm gas content, assess the jet mass flux in the form of H2 and probe for the existence of an embedded atomic jet. Methods: Detected molecular and atomic lines are interpreted by means of emission line diagnostics and an existing grid of molecular shock models. The physical properties of the warm gas are compared against other molecular jet tracers and to the results of a similar study towards the L1448-C outflow. Results: We have detected and mapped the v=0-0 S(0) - S(7) H2 lines and fine-structure lines of S, Fe+, and Si+. H2 is detected down to 5" from the source and is characterized by a "cool" T~300K and a "warm" T~1000 K component, with an extinction Av ~ 8 mag. The amount of cool H2 towards the jet agrees with that estimated from CO assuming fully molecular gas. The warm component is well fitted by C-type shocks with a low beam filling factor ~ 0.01-0.04 and a mass-flux similar to the cool H2. The fine-structure line emission arises from dense gas with ionization fraction ~0.5 - 5 x 10e-3, suggestive of dissociative shocks. Line ratios to sulfur indicate that iron and silicon are depleted compared to solar abundances by a factor ~10-50. Conclusions: Spitzer spectral mapping observations reveal for the first time a cool H$_2$ component towards the CO jet of HH211 consistent with the CO material being fully molecular and warm at ~ 300 K. The maps also reveal for the first time the existence of an embedded atomic jet in the HH211 outflow that can be traced down to the central source position. Its significant iron and silicon depletion excludes an origin from within the dust sublimation zone around the protostar. The momentum-flux seems insufficient to entrain the CO jet, although current uncertainties on jet speed and shock conditions are too large for a definite conclusion.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Dust-temperature of an isolated star-forming cloud: Herschel observations of the Bok globule CB244

We present Herschel observations of the isolated, low-mass star-forming Bok globule CB244. It contains two cold sources, a low-mass Class 0 protostar and a starless core, which is likely to be prestellar in nature, separated by 90 arcsec (~ 18000 AU). The Herschel data sample the peak of the Planck spectrum for these sources, and are therefore ideal for dust-temperature and column density modeling. With these data and a near-IR extinction map, the MIPS 70 micron mosaic, the SCUBA 850 micron map, and the IRAM 1.3 mm map, we model the dust-temperature and column density of CB244 and present the first measured dust-temperature map of an entire star-forming molecular cloud. We find that the column-averaged dust-temperature near the protostar is ~ 17.7 K, while for the starless core it is ~ 10.6K, and that the effect of external heating causes the cloud dust-temperature to rise to ~ 17 K where the hydrogen column density drops below 10^21 cm^-2. The total hydrogen mass of CB244 (assuming a distance of 200 pc) is 15 +/- 5 M_sun. The mass of the protostellar core is 1.6 +/- 0.1 M_sun and the mass of the starless core is 5 +/- 2 M_sun, indicating that ~ 45% of the mass in the globule is participating in the star-formation process.Comment: Accepted for A&A Herschel Special Issue; 5 pages, 2 figure

Young starless cores embedded in the magnetically dominated Pipe Nebula

The Pipe Nebula is a massive, nearby dark molecular cloud with a low star-formation efficiency which makes it a good laboratory to study the very early stages of the star formation process. The Pipe Nebula is largely filamentary, and appears to be threaded by a uniform magnetic field at scales of few parsecs, perpendicular to its main axis. The field is only locally perturbed in a few regions, such as the only active cluster forming core B59. The aim of this study is to investigate primordial conditions in low-mass pre-stellar cores and how they relate to the local magnetic field in the cloud. We used the IRAM 30-m telescope to carry out a continuum and molecular survey at 3 and 1 mm of early- and late-time molecules toward four selected starless cores inside the Pipe Nebula. We found that the dust continuum emission maps trace better the densest regions than previous 2MASS extinction maps, while 2MASS extinction maps trace better the diffuse gas. The properties of the cores derived from dust emission show average radii of ~0.09 pc, densities of ~1.3x10^5 cm^-3, and core masses of ~2.5 M_sun. Our results confirm that the Pipe Nebula starless cores studied are in a very early evolutionary stage, and present a very young chemistry with different properties that allow us to propose an evolutionary sequence. All of the cores present early-time molecular emission, with CS detections toward all the sample. Two of them, Cores 40 and 109, present strong late-time molecular emission. There seems to be a correlation between the chemical evolutionary stage of the cores and the local magnetic properties that suggests that the evolution of the cores is ruled by a local competition between the magnetic energy and other mechanisms, such as turbulence.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 15 pages, 5 figures, 9 table