A model of evaluation in literary translation based on The adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Very few theories exist to guide the assessment of a translation; the basic tools presently applied to this matter are personal opinion and individual points of view. This situation causes numerous disagreements among the professional translators about how to define a good-quality translation, and thus, a solution is called for. The present final dissertation is aimed at rectifying the deficiency of a specific method of evaluation in literary translation. For that purpose, we compare two different Spanish translations of the same literary work (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn), according to the use they make of a selection of translation methods and techniques explained in this final dissertation. The results show that taking these techniques into account when comparing translations is useful and effective and we conclude that this system could help solve disagreements among the professional translators about literary translation assessment.En la actualidad existe un número reducido de teorías que nos guíen en el proceso de evaluación de una traducción y las herramientas básicas que se aplican son las opiniones personales y los puntos de vista individuales. Se considera necesario encontrar una solución para esta situación ya que provoca numerosos desacuerdos entre los traductores profesionales sobre cómo definir una traducción de calidad. Este trabajo de fin de grado tiene como objetivo llenar esta escasez que existe de un método específico de evaluación en la traducción literaria. Para ello, comparamos dos traducciones españolas diferentes de la novela The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn en base al distinto uso que hacen de las técnicas y métodos de traducción definidas en este trabajo. Los resultados muestran que la comparación de traducciones en base al uso de estas técnicas puede ser útil y efectiva y que podría ser de ayuda para resolver los desacuerdos entre los traductores profesionales sobre la evaluación en la traducción literaria.Departamento de Filología InglesaGrado en Estudios Inglese

Assessing vulnerability of functional diversity to species loss: a case study in Mediterranean agricultural systems

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Functional Ecology 31.2 (2017): 427-435, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12709. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions"Increasing land-use intensification is leading to biodiversity losses world-wide, which can reduce the functioning of ecosystems. However, it is increasingly clear that not all species are equally important for ecosystem processes: whereas the loss of a functionally unique species may reduce the capacity of the community to perform some functions, losing a functionally redundant species should have a much smaller impact. Assessing the vulnerability of functional diversity (FD) to species extinctions can help to predict the impacts of land-use intensification. This approach consists in ranking species according to their risk of extinction and then estimating the trajectory followed by FD as species are lost from local communities. However, the most widely used FD indices are not independent of species richness, being much more sensitive to the loss of species in species-poor than in species-rich sites. This may result in misleading interpretations, affecting our ability to rank communities according to the vulnerability of their FD to species loss, by confounding it with the initial level of species richness. Here, we propose comparing the trajectory of FD under the most plausible order of species loss with that followed under random species losses as an effective way to remove the trivial effect of species richness in the assessments of vulnerability to species loss. After decoupling vulnerability from species richness, we used it to analyse the effect of agricultural intensification on the vulnerability of arable plant communities in Mediterranean agricultural fields. Our results show that management strategies aiming to increase the functionality of these systems should focus on intermediately intensified fields, where small reductions in the level of intensification are likely to benefit arable plant diversity, increasing the number of species and FD and decreasing the vulnerability of FD to species losses. Removing the effect of species richness is essential to attain unbiased estimations of the vulnerability of communities to species loss, especially when species-poor communities are considered. Combining vulnerability with information on taxonomic and functional diversity appears as a promising tool to inform decision-making processes, anticipating the effects of local extinction

A novel and multi-purpose ASV for the Basque Coast: design, experimental testing, and main challenges

Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASVs) have become a powerful tool for marine research due to their capability to make observations over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. ASVs provide accurate, high-resolution, continuous data, benefiting environmental monitoring by decreasing the costs when compared to fully manned vessels. In the framework of Oarsoaldea Blue Hub project, a 6 m length electrical ASV equipped with acoustic sensors for measuring water currents and fish biomass has been designed and developed as a solution for more efficient oceanographic observations in the coastal area.Peer Reviewe

Agriculture intensification reduces plant taxonomic and functional diversity across European arable systems

Los autores de la UAM pertenecen al Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG)Agricultural intensification is one of the main drivers of species loss worldwide, but there is still a lack of information about its effect on functional diversity of arable weed communities. Using a large-scale pan European study including 786 fields within 261 farms from eight countries, we analysed differences in the taxonomic and functional diversity of arable weeds assemblages across different levels of agricultural intensification. We estimated weed species frequency in each field, and collected species' traits (vegetative height, SLA and seed mass) from the TRY plant trait database. With this information, we estimated taxonomic (species richness), functional composition (community weighted means) and functional diversity (functional richness, evenness, divergence and redundancy). We used indicators of agricultural management intensity at the individual field scale (e.g. yield, inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and herbicides, frequency of mechanical weed control practices) and at the landscape scale surrounding the field (i.e. number of crop types, mean field size and proportion of arable land cover within a radius of 500 m from the sampling points). The effects of agricultural intensification on species and functional richness at the field scale were stronger than those of intensification at the landscape scale, and we did not observe evidence of interacting effects between the two scales. Overall, assemblages in more intensified areas had fewer species, a higher prevalence of species with ruderal strategies (low stature, high leaf area, light seeds), and lower functional redundancy. Maintaining the diversity of Europe's arable weed communities requires some simple management interventions, for example, reducing the high intensity of field-level agricultural management across Europe, which could be complemented by interventions that increase landscape complexity. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this articl

Praderas de fanerógamas marinas en la bahía de Cádiz: conservación y gestión

Comunicación técnicaLa bahía de Cádiz es un humedal costero protegido por figuras de protección nacionales (Parque Natural) e internacionales (LIC, Convención Ramsar) dada su importancia ecológica. La biodiversidad biológica incluye numerosas especies de macroalgas, invertebrados, peces y aves. Un hecho de singular importancia, y poco conocido por las administraciones públicas, es que en este humedal conviven 3 de las 4 especies de fanerógamas marinas, o más estrictamente angiospermas marinas, de Europa. Las praderas de Cymodocea nodosa y Zostera noltii junto con escasos rodales de Zostera marina, proporcionan numerosos servicios ecológicos que están siendo estudiados por el grupo de Estructura y Dinámica de Ecosistemas Acuáticos de la Universidad de Cádiz. Desde hace 15 años hemos desarrollado proyectos tanto nacionales como internacionales en la bahía con el fin de poner en práctica bases ecológicas para la gestión de estas praderas como parte integrante del ecosistema. Estas herramientas abarcan desde un nivel ecofisiológico muy reduccionista (tasas fotosintéticas, incorporación de nutrientes), hasta un nivel más holista (mapas de cobertura, efecto a gran escala de variables ambientales, utilización de información para la estimación de la calidad ecológica de la masa de agua). Las actuaciones desarrolladas incluyen la consolidación de una red de voluntariado (FAMAR) para la recogida y análisis de la información. El trabajo que se presenta resume la información disponible, con series de datos recogidos y analizados durante la última década, para la gestión de las praderas y el estado de conservación de las mismas. Se incluyen además algunas perspectivas para la gestión.Proyecto ECOLAGUNES del programa europeo Interreg del espacio SUDOE (SOE1/P2/F153), proyecto IMACHYDRO, del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (CTM2008-00012/MAR), proyectos de excelencia de la Junta de Andalucía FUNDIV (P07-RNM-02516), PAMBIO (P08-RNM-03783) y BAHÍA (P06-RNM0163713 página

The morphometric acclimation to depth explains the long-term resilience of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa in a shallow tidal lagoon

Cadiz Bay is a shallow mesotidal lagoon with extensive populations of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa at intertidal and shallow subtidal elevations. This work aims to understand the mechanisms behind the resilience of this species to gradual sea level rise by studying its acclimation capacity to depth along the shallow littoral, and therefore, to gradual variations in the light environment. To address this objective, these populations have been monitored seasonally over a 10 year period, representing the longest seasonal database available in the literature for this species. The monitoring included populations at 0.4, -0.08 and -0.5 m LAT. The results show that C. nodosa has a strong seasonality for demographic and shoot dynamic properties - with longer shoots and larger growth in summer (high temperature) than in winter (low temperature), but also some losses. Moreover, shoots have different leaf morphometry depending on depth, with small and dense shoots in the intertidal areas (0.4 m) and sparse large shoots in the subtidal ones (-0.08 and 0.5 m). These differences in morphometry and shoot dynamic properties, combined with the differences in shoot density, explain the lack of differences in meadow production balance (i.e. meadow growth - meadow losses) between the intertidal (0.4 m) and the deepest population (-0.5 m), supporting the long term resilience of Cymodocea nodosa in Cadiz Bay. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms behind seagrass stability and resilience, which is particularly important towards predicting the effects of climate change on these key coastal ecosystems, and also highlights the value of continuous long-term monitoring efforts to evaluate seagrass trajectories

Major histocompatibility complex associations of ankylosing spondylitis are complex and involve further epistasis with ERAP1

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common, highly heritable, inflammatory arthritis for which HLA-B*27 is the major genetic risk factor, although its role in the aetiology of AS remains elusive. To better understand the genetic basis of the MHC susceptibility loci, we genotyped 7,264 MHC SNPs in 22,647 AS cases and controls of European descent. We impute SNPs, classical HLA alleles and amino-acid residues within HLA proteins, and tested these for association to AS status. Here we show that in addition to effects due to HLA-B*27 alleles, several other HLA-B alleles also affect susceptibility. After controlling for the associated haplotypes in HLA-B, we observe independent associations with variants in the HLA-A, HLA-DPB1 and HLA-DRB1 loci. We also demonstrate that the ERAP1 SNP rs30187 association is not restricted only to carriers of HLA-B*27 but also found in HLA-B*40:01 carriers independently of HLA-B*27 genotype