Pesticides in Agricultural Soils: Major Findings from Various Monitoring Campaigns in Switzerland

Synthetic pesticides are widely applied in modern agriculture, where they are used against diseases, pests, and weeds to secure crop yield and quality. However, their intensive application has led to widespread contamination of the environment, including soils. Due to their inherent toxicity, they might pose a risk to soil health by causing harm to non-target organisms and disrupting ecosystem services in both agricultural and other exposed soils. Following the Swiss National Action Plan on the reduction of pesticide risks, Agroscope has conducted several soil monitoring studies that are briefly presented here. All of them resort to different multi-residue trace analytical approaches to simultaneously quantify up to about 150 modern pesticides by either accelerated solvent, or Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS) extraction, followed by separation and detection with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. While partly still in progress, our investigations led to the following major findings this far: Multiple pesticides are commonly present in soils, with individual concentrations in agricultural soils often reaching up to a few tens of µg/kg. Pesticide occurrence and concentrations in agricultural soils primarily depend on land use, land use history and cultivated crops. Pesticides can prevail much longer than predicted by their half-lives, and were found in soils even decades after conversion from conventional to organic farming. Corresponding residual fractions can be in the order of a few percent of the originally applied amounts. We further found negative associations of pesticide residues with the abundance of beneficial soil life, underpinning their potential risk to the fertility of agricultural soils. Traces of pesticides are also detected in soils to which they were never applied, indicating contamination, e.g., via spray drift or atmospheric deposition. These results confirm the general notion of both scientists and legislators that prospective risk assessments (RA; as executed during registration and use authorization) should be confirmed and adjusted by retrospective RA (e.g., by environmental monitoring studies of currently used compounds) to jointly lead to an overall reduced environmental risk of pesticides

Immunoglobulin G as a Milk Allergen

Immunoglobulin G; Anaphylaxis; CaseinInmunoglobulina G; Anafilaxis; CaseínaImmunoglobulina G; Anafilaxi; Caseïn

Pesticides in Agricultural Soils: Major Findings from Various Monitoring Campaigns in Switzerland

Synthetic pesticides are widely applied in modern agriculture, where they are used against diseases, pests, and weeds to secure crop yield and quality. However, their intensive application has led to widespread contamination of the environment, including soils. Due to their inherent toxicity, they might pose a risk to soil health by causing harm to non-target organisms and disrupting ecosystem services in both agricultural and other exposed soils. Following the Swiss National Action Plan on the reduction of pesticide risks, Agroscope has conducted several soil monitoring studies that are briefly presented here. All of them resort to different multi-residue trace analytical approaches to simultaneously quantify up to about 150 modern pesticides by either accelerated solvent, or Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS) extraction, followed by separation and detection with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. While partly still in progress, our investigations led to the following major findings this far: Multiple pesticides are commonly present in soils, with individual concentrations in agricultural soils often reaching up to a few tens of µg/kg. Pesticide occurrence and concentrations in agricultural soils primarily depend on land use, land use history and cultivated crops. Pesticides can prevail much longer than predicted by their half-lives, and were found in soils even decades after conversion from conventional to organic farming. Corresponding residual fractions can be in the order of a few percent of the originally applied amounts. We further found negative associations of pesticide residues with the abundance of beneficial soil life, underpinning their potential risk to the fertility of agricultural soils. Traces of pesticides are also detected in soils to which they were never applied, indicating contamination, e.g., via spray drift or atmospheric deposition. These results confirm the general notion of both scientists and legislators that prospective risk assessments (RA; as executed during registration and use authorization) should be confirmed and adjusted by retrospective RA (e.g., by environmental monitoring studies of currently used compounds) to jointly lead to an overall reduced environmental risk of pesticides

El Departamento de Teatro, un escenario moderno. Córdoba, 1965-1975.

HACIA UNA CARTOGRAFÍA DE LOS TEATROS ARGENTINOS Jorge Dubatti Director Instituto de Artes del Espectáculo, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires Es un honor y una alegría para el Instituto de Artes del Espectáculo de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires, coeditar con la hermana Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, a través de la Editorial de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, estos tres tomos que significan un aporte fundamental al conocimiento de los teatros argentinos (en plural) y a la construcción de una cartografía teatral nacional cada vez más compleja y rica. No hay “un” teatro argentino, sino teatro(s) argentino(s), incluso fuera de las fronteras geopolíticas del país. Uno de los ejes prioritarios de la tarea académica del IAE de la UBA es la colaboración con las universidades nacionales y los grupos de investigación de todo el país en la configuración de un entramado de elaciones. La publicación de estos tres magníficos tomos de Teatro, Política y Universidad. Córdoba, 1965-1975 es parte de un fecundo conjunto de tareas compartidas entre el IAE y el equipo de investigación que conduce Adriana Musitano en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, labores afianzadas en pasado y presente, y también en el futuro por el sólido planteo de proyectos a concretar en los próximos años. A partir de la categoría teórica de territorialidad del acontecimiento escénico, impulsada por la disciplina Teatro Comparado, la historiografía ha puesto el acento en el valor de los estudios locales y regionales como punto de partida para la composición de una historia totalizante del teatro nacional, es decir, una historia que incluya en detalle y en TEATRO,POLÍTICA Y UNIVERSIDAD | EL DEPARTAMENTO DE TEATRO, UN ESCENARIO MODERNO CÓRDOBA, 1965-1975 La revisión permanente la referencia a los acontecimientos y sus fuentes documentales en todos los aspectos que involucra el trabajo teatral en cada región del mapa nacional y sus conexiones con el mundo: actuación, dirección, dramaturgia, música, escenografía, recepción, comportamientos conviviales, etcétera. Los trabajos de investigación reunidos en los tres volúmenes cumplen esta condición de la cartografía radicante, el pensamiento cartografiado y la invitación al diálogo de cartografías más allá de Córdoba. Fueron realizados en el marco del Proyecto “Teatro, Política y Universidad, Córdoba, 1965-1975” (CEA, SECyT, UNC: 1996-1999; y FFyH, SECyT, UNC: 2000-2011), con la dirección y codirección de Adriana Musitano y Nora Zaga, y toman un tema central de los procesos escénicos de la Argentina: la génesis y el desarrollo del teatro universitario cordobés, entre la creación del Departamento de Arte Escénico en 1965 hasta su clausura por obra de la dictadura en 1976, así como su profunda relevancia epocal y su vasta influencia posterior. Sin duda, se analiza aquí uno de los momentos estelares del teatro cordobés, referente en el país y en Latinoamérica. La investigación se detiene primero en la interrelación teatro/universidad/política desde el punto de vista del diseño pedagógico y los objetivos artísticos; en segundo lugar, en el análisis de las nuevas poéticas políticas del teatro de Córdoba, de enorme productividad en años subsiguientes; finalmente, el tercer volumen ofrece una recopilación de las voces de los creadores protagonistas de aquel movimiento. Escriben los integrantes de un equipo de investigación notable, modelo de producción y rigurosidad científica, que pone en evidencia el crecimiento de la Teatrología argentina en las últimas décadas: Adriana Musitano, Nora Zaga, Cecilia Curtino, Esteban José Berardo, Silvina Franco Papa, Victoria Bartolomé, Leticia Paz Sena, Yanina Gallardo, Eliana Castañares, Mariela Heredia Regolini, María José Apez teguía, Laura Fobbio, Graciela Ferrari, Lindor Bressan, Roberto Videla, Mariano Marucco. Entre los entrevistados por el equipo figuran Myrna Brandán, Eddy Carranza, Juan Carlos Lancestremère, Laura Devetach, Norma Basso, Juan Carlos Gianuzzi, Estrella Rorhstock, Galia Kohan y Artemia Barrionuevo. Córdoba y el país le deben mucho a estos invetigadores y artistas. Consecuentemente con una ampliación del concepto de teatro, en la Argentina y en Latinoamérica se ha abierto un nuevo período en los estudios teatrales o teatrología, marcado por la consolidación prometeica de las Ciencias del Arte y, dentro de ellas, de las Ciencias del Teatro; por añadidura, la afirmación también de una Epistemología de las Ciencias del Arte/del Teatro, con el nuevo protagonismo de las universidades en su relación con el arte, tanto desde la práctica como desde la reflexión. Creemos que estos tres tomos realizan, a la vez, una triple contribución: a una Investigación Específica sobre el teatro cordobés y las relaciones entre Universidad, política y artes escénicas; a los avances en la Metainvestigación, por el diseño de estrategias teóricas, metodológicas y epistemológicas especialmente pensadas para una actualización necesaria en la historia de nuestra Teatrología; a una Investigación Aplicada, en tanto su lectura será de gran estímulo y multiplicación para pensar el rol de la universidad en la creación artística y en la política en el presente y en el futuro. La investigación sienta memoria, conciencia cultural y social, territorial e histórica, y contribuye además –aunque no siempre se advierta de manera directa– a la creación teatral: muchos artistas contemporáneos inspirarán sus concepciones y poéticas, su identidad y sus proyectos, pensando relaciones y diferencias con la historia y el análisis que estos libros registran. Queremos destacar, en este sentido, la valorización del pensamiento de los artistas-investigadores, los creadores escénicos que producen pensamiento desde/para/en el hacer, generadores de una Filosofía de la Praxis Teatral

Oxygen sensing coordinates photomorphogenesis to facilitate seedling survival

Successful emergence from the soil is essential for plant establishment in natural and farmed systems. It has been assumed that the absence of light in the soil is the preeminent signal perceived during early seedling development, leading to a distinct morphogenic plan (skotomorphogenesis) [1], characterized by traits providing an adaptive advantage until emergence and photomorphogenesis. These traits include suppressed chlorophyll synthesis, promotion of hypocotyl elongation, and formation of a closed apical hook that protects the stem cell niche from damage [2, 3]. However, absence of light by itself is not a sufficient environmental signal for early seedling development [4, 5]. Reduced oxygen levels (hypoxia) can occur in water-logged soils [6-8]. We therefore hypothesized that below-ground hypoxia may be an important, but thus far undiscovered, ecological component regulating seedling development. Here, we show that survival and establishment of seedlings following darkness depend on their ability to sense hypoxia, through enhanced stability of group VII Ethylene Response Factor (ERFVII) transcription factors. Hypoxia is perceived as a positive environmental component in diverse taxa of flowering plants, promoting maintenance of skotomorphogenic traits. Hypoxia greatly enhances survival once light is perceived, while oxygen is necessary for the subsequent effective completion of photomorphogenesis. Together with light perception, oxygen sensing therefore allows an integrated response to the complex and changing physical microenvironment encountered during early seedling growth. We propose that plants monitor the soil's gaseous environment after germination, using hypoxia as a key external cue to protect the stem cell niche, thus ensuring successful rapid establishment upon emergence above ground

Pesticides in Agricultural Soils: Major Findings from Various Monitoring Campaigns in Switzerland

Synthetic pesticides are widely applied in modern agriculture, where they are used against diseases, pests, and weeds to secure crop yield and quality. However, their intensive application has led to widespread contamination of the environment, including soils. Due to their inherent toxicity, they might pose a risk to soil health by causing harm to non-target organisms and disrupting ecosystem services in both agricultural and other exposed soils. Following the Swiss National Action Plan on the reduction of pesticide risks, Agroscope has conducted several soil monitoring studies that are briefly presented here. All of them resort to different multi-residue trace analytical approaches to simultaneously quantify up to about 150 modern pesticides by either accelerated solvent, or Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS) extraction, followed by separation and detection with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. While partly still in progress, our investigations led to the following major findings this far: Multiple pesticides are commonly present in soils, with individual concentrations in agricultural soils often reaching up to a few tens of µg/kg. Pesticide occurrence and concentrations in agricultural soils primarily depend on land use, land use history and cultivated crops. Pesticides can prevail much longer than predicted by their half-lives, and were found in soils even decades after conversion from conventional to organic farming. Corresponding residual fractions can be in the order of a few percent of the originally applied amounts. We further found negative associations of pesticide residues with the abundance of beneficial soil life, underpinning their potential risk to the fertility of agricultural soils. Traces of pesticides are also detected in soils to which they were never applied, indicating contamination, e.g., via spray drift or atmospheric deposition. These results confirm the general notion of both scientists and legislators that prospective risk assessments (RA; as executed during registration and use authorization) should be confirmed and adjusted by retrospective RA (e.g., by environmental monitoring studies of currently used compounds) to jointly lead to an overall reduced environmental risk of pesticides

De las catacumbas a los últimos confines: violencia, sentido y representación en los periplos del martirio

En este trabajo propongo un análisis transversal de las figuras del mártir y del martirio. Recurriendo a la noción de mediación, en la primera parte analizo el rol protagónico de las representaciones del martirio en las prácticas de la memoria durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI. Analizo algunas de las condiciones que contribuyeron a la emergencia de una "cultura del martirio" y el rol de las mediaciones en tal surgimiento. En la segunda parte, estudio la forma en que el (re)descubrimiento de las catacumbas romanas, abrió un campo de producción de sentido en torno a la figura del martirio. En la tercera parte, centrándome en la Compañía de Jesús, analizo algunas mediaciones a través de las cuáles las figuras del martirio transgredieron las fronteras de iglesias y conventos para proyectarse a los últimos confines en un mundo en plena expansión.Neste artigo proponho uma análise transversal das figuras do mártir e do martírio. Usando a noção de mediação, na primeira parte eu tento analisar o papel de liderança de representações de martírio em práticas de memória durante a segunda metade do século XVI. Eu analiso algumas das condições que contribuíram para o surgimento de uma "cultura do martírio" e o papel da mediação nesta emergência. Na segunda parte, eu estudo como a (re) descoberta das catacumbas romanas abriu um campo de produção de significados em torno da figura do martírio. Na terceira parte, com foco na Companhia de Jesus, analiso algumas mediações pelas quais as representações do martírio transgrediram as fronteiras de igrejas e conventos para se projetar nas fronteiras de um mundo em plena expansão mundial.This paper proposes a cross-sectional analysis of martyr and martyrdom. Through the notion of mediation, in the first part I analyze the leading role of representations of martyrdom in memory practices during the second half of the sixteenth century. I analyze some of the conditions that contributed to the emergence of a "martyrdom's culture" and the role of mediation in such emergence. The second part studies how the (re)discovery of the Roman catacombs encouraged the production of meanings around the figure of martyrdom. In the third part, focusing on the Society of Jesus, I analyze a few instances of mediation through which the figures of martyrdom transgressed the boundaries of churches and convents to project themselves to the last frontiers of a world in full expansion.Fil: Salamanca Villamizar, Carlos Arturo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural clines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale