9 research outputs found
Hedgehog interacting protein (Hhip) regulates both pancreatic and renal dysfunction in high fat diet-induced obese mouse model
Hhip (Hedgehog interacting protein), un antagoniste de la voie de signalisation Hegehog (Hh) a Ă©tait devouverte comme un antagoniste des 3 ligands Hh, soit Sonic (Shh), Indian (Ihh) et Desert (Dhh). La protĂ©ines Hhip rĂ©gularise la fonction cellulaire autant par voie (Hh) canonique que non-canonique. Elle est formĂ©e de 700 acides aminĂ©s et est fortement exprimĂ©e dans les tissus riches en cellules endothĂ©liales, comme les reins et le pancrĂ©as. Toutefois, son rĂŽle dans le fonctionnement des cellules bĂȘta matures soit en condition de bonne santĂ© ou de maladie comme dans des conditions dâobĂ©sitĂ© provoquĂ©e par une diĂšte riche en gras ainsi que son role dans les maladies chronique du rein et la dysfonction rĂ©nale. Les souris en dĂ©ficience de Hhip (Hhip-/-) ont une malformation des ilots pancrĂ©atiques (une diminution de 45% des ilots et de 40% de la prolifĂ©ration des cellules beta) et un problĂšme pulmonaire qui cause la mort post-natale.
Lâobjectif de notre Ă©tude initiale Ă©tait de dĂ©montrer le role de Hhip dans le pancrĂ©as, en utilisant un KO corporel entier en rĂ©ponse Ă une diĂšte riche en gras (HFD) et la dysfonction des cellules beta in vivo et ex vivo sur des souris hĂ©tĂ©rozygotes pour Hhip (Hhip+/-) et des souris contrĂŽles (Hhip +/+)
Suite Ă une HFD, toutefois, les souris mĂąles et femelles HFD-Hhip+/+ ont dĂ©veloppĂ© une intolĂ©rance sĂ©vĂšre au glucose (IPGTT) et cette intolĂ©rance a Ă©tĂ© amĂ©liorĂ©e chez les souris HFD-Hhip+/-. AssociĂ© a cette intolĂ©rance, les males HFD-Hhip+/- dĂ©montraient une hyperinsulinĂ©mie et leur taux dâinsuline plasmatique (phase 1 et 2), contrairement aux souris males HFD-Hhip+/+, augmentait de façon significative. Dans les Ăźlots de souris Hhip+/+, lâaugmentation de Hhip induite par une HFD a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e principalement dans les cellules bĂȘta mais aucunement dans les cellules alpha. Sans varier le nombre total dâĂźlots et la quantitĂ© de cellules bĂȘta, les souris mĂąles HFD-Hhip+/+ avaient un nombre supĂ©rieur de gros Ăźlots dans lesquels le taux dâinsuline Ă©tait diminuĂ©. La structure de ces Ăźlots Ă©tait dĂ©sorganisĂ©e, dĂ©montrant une Ă©vidente invasion des cellules alpha au coeur des Ăźlots bĂȘta, le stress oxidatif (8-OHdG et NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox 2)) est aussi augmentĂ©e. En revanche, chez les souris mĂąles HFD-Hhip+/-, il a Ă©tĂ© possible dâobserver une augmentation du nombre de petits Ăźlots, de la prolifĂ©ration des cellules bĂȘta, et aussi de la sĂ©crĂ©tion dâinsuline stimulĂ©e par le glucose (GSIS), une amĂ©lioration du stress oxidatif et un maintien de lâintĂ©gritĂ© des Ăźlots ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©. In vitro, la protĂ©ine recombinante Hhip (rHhip) a accentuĂ© le stress oxidatif (Nox2 et lâactivitĂ© de NADPH oxidase 2) et a causĂ© une diminution du nombre de cellules bĂȘta ; par contre, le siRNA-Hhip augmente le GSIS et abolit la stimulation de lâexpression du gĂšne Nox2 induite par le palmitate de sodium (PA)-BSA. Grace a ces observations, il est dĂ©montrĂ© que les genes Hhip pancrĂ©atiques inhibe la sĂ©crĂ©tion dâinsuline en altĂ©rant la structure des ilots et en favorisant lâexpression du gene Nox2 dans les ilots en rĂ©ponse Ă la dysfonction des cellules beta suite a une diĂšte riche en gras HFD.
Le diabĂšte engendre des risques Ă©levĂ©s de complication tel que des problĂšmes chroniques des reins caractĂ©risĂ©s par une perte graduelle des fonctions rĂ©nales. Cette situation a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©cemment reliĂ©e au taux Ă©levĂ© dâobĂ©sitĂ©. On a aussi dĂ©montrĂ© dans notre modĂšle de diabĂšte gestationnel que lâaugmentation de Hhip causait des irrĂ©gularitĂ©s durant la nĂ©phrogĂ©nĂšse des rejetons [127]. Ensuite, nos donnĂ©es rĂ©centes dĂ©montrent que, chez les souris adultes, lâhyperglycĂ©mie a provoquĂ© une forte expression du gene Hhip rĂ©nales causant ainsi lâapoptose des cellules Ă©pithĂ©liales des glomĂ©rules et la transition endothĂ©liale Ă mĂ©senchymateuse (EndoMT) - liĂ©e Ă fibrose rĂ©nale [128].
Dans lâĂ©tude prĂ©sente, on a Ă©tabli que la surexpression de Hhip dans les cellules des tubules proximaux rĂ©naux contribuait au dĂ©veloppement initial des problĂšmes chroniques des reins suite a une HFD de 14 semaines. Un gain de poids significatif a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© chez les souris du groupe HFD comparativement aux groupes ND. Les souris du groupe HFD ont dĂ©veloppĂ© une intolĂ©rance au glucose mais sans changement apparent Ă la sensibilitĂ© Ă lâinsuline ni Ă lâhypertension (pression arterielle) mĂȘme si ces souris mĂąles avaient des lĂ©gers dĂ©pĂŽts du gras pĂ©rirĂ©nal. Les fonctions rĂ©nales telle que mesurĂ©es par le taux de filtration glomĂ©rulaire restaient normales dans tous les groupes rĂ©vĂ©lant ainsi que ces deux facteurs (HFD et surexpression de Hhip) nâavaient aucune influence sur lâhyperfiltration rĂ©nale. NĂ©anmoins, la morphologie rĂ©nale a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que les souris du groupe HFD prĂ©sentaient une lĂ©sion infraclinique et des signes de vacuolisation tubulaire et des lĂ©sions par rapport aux souris ND. Cette pathologie de lĂ©sion tubulaire et de vacuolisation Ă©tait plus prononcĂ©e chez les souris transgĂ©niques (Hhip-Tg) que chez les souris non-Tg, ce qui favorisait l'apoptose des cellules tubulaires bĂ©nignes et un stress oxydatif accru.
En conclusion, l'obĂ©sitĂ© provoquĂ©e par l'HFD a eu des effets nĂ©fastes sur la tolĂ©rance au glucose et de lĂ©gĂšres modifications morphologiques des reins, caractĂ©risĂ©es par la prĂ©sence d'une nĂ©phrose osmotique, une augmentation du stress oxydatif rĂ©nal et une apoptose pouvant ĂȘtre induites par une augmentation de la FABP4 rĂ©nale. Cela a Ă©tĂ© exacerbĂ© par la surexpression de Hhip dans les tubules rĂ©naux proximaux.Hedgehog interacting protein (Hhip), a signaling molecule in the Hedgehog Hh pathway, was originally discovered as a putative antagonist of all 3 secreted Hh ligands, i.e., Sonic (Shh), Indian (Ihh), and Desert (Dhh). Hhip regulates cell function via either canonical- or non-canonical Hh pathway. Hhip encodes a protein of 700 amino acids, and is abundantly expressed in vascular endothelial cell-rich tissues, including the pancreas, and kidneys. To date, less is known about Hhipâs expression pattern in mature islet cells, and its function under normal and/or disease conditions, such as diet induced-obesity, as well as its role in chronic kidney disease, and kidney dysfunction. Hhip null mice (Hhip-/-) display markedly impaired pancreatic islet formation (45% reduction of islet mass with a decrease of beta cell proliferation by 40%), however Hhip-/- mice die shortly after birth mainly due to lung defects.
In our first study, we systemically studied the role of pancreatic Hhip expression by using a whole body knock out in response to 8 weeks high fat diet (HFD) insult, and HFD-mediated beta cell dysfunction in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro using heterozygous (Hhip+/-) vs. wild type (Hhip+/+) mice. Both HFD-fed Hhip+/+ male and female mice developed severe glucose intolerance (IPGTT), which was ameliorated in male and female HFD-Hhip+/- mice. Associated with this glucose intolerance, was hyperinsulinemia, which was observed only in HFD-fed male Hhip+/- mice. HFD-fed Hhip+/- mice had high levels of circulating plasma insulin in both insulin secretion phases compared to HFD fed Hhip+/+ mice. In the pancreas, Hhip expression was increased in the islets of HFD-Hhip+/+ mice, mainly co-localized in beta cells and none in alpha cells. While maintaining the total islet number, and beta cell mass, male HFD-Hhip+/+ mice had a higher number of larger islets, in which insulin content was reduced; islet architecture was disoriented, with evident invasion of alpha cells into the central core of beta cells; and an evident increase in oxidative stress markers (8-OHdG and NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox 2)). In contrast, male HFD-Hhip+/- mice had a higher number of smaller islets, with increased beta cell proliferation, pronounced glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), ameliorated oxidative stress and preserved islet integrity. In vitro, recombinant Hhip (rHhip) dose-dependently increased oxidative stress (Nox2 and NADPH activity), and decreased the number of insulin-positive beta cells, while siRNA-Hhip enhanced GSIS, and abolished the stimulation of sodium palmitate (PA)-BSA on Nox2 gene expression. We believe our data highlights a novel finding as to how pancreatic Hhip gene inhibits insulin secretion, by altering islet integrity, and promoting Nox2 gene expression in beta cells in response to HFD-mediated beta cell dysfunction.
Diabetes presents high risk factors associated with complications such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by a gradual loss in kidney function. The increased incidence of diabetic related kidney complications has been recently correlated with increase rate of obesity. We recently established that impaired nephrogenesis in kidneys of offsprings of our murine model of maternal diabetes was associated with upregulation of Hhip gene expression [127]. Subsequently, our recent data also shows that hyperglycemia induced increased renal Hhip gene expression in adult murine kidneys leading to apoptosis of glomerular epithelial cells and endothelial to mesenchymal transition (Endo-MT) - related renal fibrosis [128].
In this current study, we demonstrated how Hhip overexpression in renal proximal tubular cells, contributes to early development of chronic kidney disease after 14 weeks of HFD. Mice in HFD-fed groups showed significantly greater weight gain as compared to mice in ND fed groups. IPGTT revealed that HFD fed mice also developed glucose intolerance, with no apparent changes in insulin sensitivity. HFD did not impact hypertension, even though we had a modest trend of increase in perirenal fat deposit in the HFD fed subgroups. Renal function as measured by the glomerular filtration rate was normal in all four subgroups, indicating that neither HFD, nor Hhip overexpression promoted renal hyperfiltration. Nonetheless, renal morphology revealed HFD kidneys had subclinical injury, presented signs of tubular vacuolization and damage compared to ND fed mice. This pathology of tubular damage and vacuolization was more pronounced in HFD-fed transgenic (Hhip-Tg) mice compared to non-Tg mice, and this promoted mild tubular cell apoptosis and enhanced oxidative stress. In conclusion, HFD feeding-induced obesity led to detrimental effects on glucose toleranc,e and mild morphological changes in kidneys, characterized by the presence of osmotic nephrosis, increased renal oxidative stress, and apoptosis which might be mediated by an increase in renal FABP4. This was exacerbated by the over-expression of Hhip in the renal proximal tubules