Aplicación didáctica para complementar el método de enseñanza de las matemáticas en el grado octavo (Al-Yabra)

En el trascurso de la lectura de este proyecto encontrará la creación de una aplicación en el área de matemáticas que será implementada para el colegio I.E.D. Nueva Chile. Antes de entrar en contexto, podemos decir que las matemáticas han existido con el fin de demostrarnos que tan real es la vida desde la perspectiva lógica y práctica, basándonos en estadísticas, donde se determina la falta de interés en el área de matemática por los muchachos entre las edades de 13 y 14 años de edad, hemos creado una aplicación didáctica para el curso octavo del colegio I.E.D. Nueva Chile desde el punto de vista tecnológico con el propósito de hacerle más amena la clase a los estudiantes y crear en ellos un espacio acorde a la tendencia de hoy en día, como es la tecnología, ya que abarca un 80% de nuestras vidas, por lo tanto la aplicación tiene como objetivo demostrar que el mundo lo podemos acomodar acorde a la tecnología sin dejar atrás la base de muchas carreras y de la vida las matemáticas

Higienización de lodos de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas de Manchay, y su uso como insumo de cultivo en el año 2021

El presente estudio buscó evaluar la posibilidad de higienización de los lodos provenientes de la PTARD Manchay y se verificó la efectividad en su uso como insumo de cultivos. Para ello, se identificaron los lodos de la PTARD, proveniente de un sistema de tratamiento de lodos activados, los cuales son dispuestos en un relleno sanitario. Al realizar el análisis preliminar de los lodos, y tras su comparación con la normativa, nos indicó el cumplimiento de parámetros químicos, sin embargo, no se cumplió con los parámetros biológicos (Salmonella) de acuerdo con el D.S. N° 015-2017-VIVIENDA. Posteriormente, se realizó la higienización mediante la aplicación de cal viva en un 20 y 30 % por un periodo de 7 días, para luego ser analizados en laboratorio, a fin de determinar su clase y uso de acuerdo con el Decreto Supremo N° 015-2017-VIVIENDA y la Normativa Oficial Mexicana NOM-004-SEMARNAT-2002. Los resultados muestran que los lodos tratados con el 20 % de cal viva son clasificados como de clase B, a diferencia de los lodos tratados con el 30 % de cal viva que fueron clasificados de clase A para ambas normativas. Una vez que el lodo fue caracterizado, se aplicaron diferentes porcentajes de los lodos tratados (15, 35 y 50 %) como insumo en los cultivos de la zanahoria y betarraga hasta su etapa de germinación, haciendo uso de la escala extendida BBCH. Se determinó que los cultivos de zanahoria germinan entre los 15 y 30 días, siendo el tratamiento TH2Z2, el que germinó en 16 días. En comparación con las semillas de betarraga, que germinaron entre los 10 y 15 días, sin embargo, fue el placebo quien germinó en un periodo de 12 días. Finalmente realizando el análisis costo beneficio se estimó que la higienización de los lodos es una alternativa rentable y óptima por la reducción de costos que genera al reusar los lodos, en comparación con los gastos que actualmente se dan por el traslado hacia un relleno sanitario. Se concluyó que es posible la higienización de los lodos de la PTARD de Manchay y su uso como insumo en los cultivos de zanahoria y betarraga, además que su implementación permite una reducción en los costos de traslado

Diagnóstico administrativo del sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo en la Fábrica de velas y veladoras San Benito S.A.S, ubicada en la Ciudad de Cúcuta, Norte de Santander

El Sistema de Seguridad y salud en el trabajo (SG-SST), es muy importante conocerlo y aplicarlo dentro de una empresa ya que es una ley que exige la normatividad para proteger a todo el personal que conforma una organización. El diagnóstico de condiciones de trabajo y salud de los colaboradores es de importancia evaluarlo, debido a que con su uso y los resultados que se obtienen se pueden conocer la situación actual de la empresa, generando mejoras en bienestar de la prevención de accidentes y enfermedades laborales de toda la organización, garantizando una calidad de vida optima en su labor diaria. Fábrica de velas y veladoras San Benito es una empresa dedica a los productos de la refinación del petróleo y es consciente de que para continuar en un mundo tan competitivo como en el sector de las velas, debe velar por el bienestar de su recurso más valioso, el recurso humano, razón principal que la motiva a actuar de manera responsable en la aplicación de las leyes que estipula la legislación Colombiana de los estándares mínimos de la resolución 0312 de 2019 y la norma internacional ISO con respecto a la salud ocupacional, seguridad e higiene industrial. La fábrica San Benito permite en la búsqueda de la mejora continua y protección de la salud de sus colaboradores, el acceso a la información, instalaciones para la aplicación de instrumentos necesarios para el diagnóstico del sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo. El presente proyecto de investigación nos revela el diagnóstico del sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, realizado a la Fábrica San Benito S.A.S, con el objetivo de proponer medidas preventivas y el bienestar y salud de sus colaboradores.The Occupational Health and Safety System (SG-SST) is very important to know and apply within a company since it is a law that requires regulations to protect all personnel that make up an organization. The diagnosis of working conditions and health of employees is important to evaluate, because with its use and the results obtained, the current situation of the company can be known, generating improvements in well-being from the prevention of accidents and occupational diseases. of the entire organization, guaranteeing an optimal quality of life in their daily work. Factory of candles and candles San Benito is a company dedicated to petroleum refining products and is aware that to continue in a world as competitive as in the candle sector, it must ensure the well-being of its most valuable resource, the human resource, the main reason that motivates it to act responsibly in the application of the laws stipulated by Colombian legislation of the minimum standards of resolution 0312 of 2019 and the international ISO standard with respect to occupational health, safety and hygiene industrial. The San Benito factory allows, in the search for continuous improvement and protection of the health of its collaborators, access to information, facilities for the application of instruments necessary for the diagnosis of the occupational health and safety management system. This research project reveals the diagnosis of the occupational health and safety management system, carried out at the San Benito S.A.S Factory, with the aim of proposing preventive measures and the well-being and health of its collaborators

Use of a Chagas Urine Nanoparticle Test (Chunap) to Correlate with Parasitemia Levels in T. cruzi/HIV Co-infected Patients

BackgroundEarly diagnosis of reactivated Chagas disease in HIV patients could be lifesaving. In Latin America, the diagnosis is made by microscopical detection of the T. cruzi parasite in the blood; a diagnostic test that lacks sensitivity. This study evaluates if levels of T. cruzi antigens in urine, determined by Chunap (Chagas urine nanoparticle test), are correlated with parasitemia levels in T. cruzi/HIV co-infected patients.Methodology/Principal FindingsT. cruzi antigens in urine of HIV patients (N = 55: 31 T. cruzi infected and 24 T. cruzi serology negative) were concentrated using hydrogel particles and quantified by Western Blot and a calibration curve. Reactivation of Chagas disease was defined by the observation of parasites in blood by microscopy. Parasitemia levels in patients with serology positive for Chagas disease were classified as follows: High parasitemia or reactivation of Chagas disease (detectable parasitemia by microscopy), moderate parasitemia (undetectable by microscopy but detectable by qPCR), and negative parasitemia (undetectable by microscopy and qPCR). The percentage of positive results detected by Chunap was: 100% (7/7) in cases of reactivation, 91.7% (11/12) in cases of moderate parasitemia, and 41.7% (5/12) in cases of negative parasitemia. Chunap specificity was found to be 91.7%. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a direct relationship between parasitemia levels and urine T. cruzi antigen concentrations (p 105 pg was chosen to determine patients with reactivation of Chagas disease (7/7). Antigenuria levels were 36.08 times (95% CI: 7.28 to 64.88) higher in patients with CD4+ lymphocyte counts below 200/mL (p = 0.016). No significant differences were found in HIV loads and CD8+ lymphocyte counts.ConclusionChunap shows potential for early detection of Chagas reactivation. With appropriate adaptation, this diagnostic test can be used to monitor Chagas disease status in T. cruzi/HIV co-infected patients.Author SummaryReactivation of Chagas disease in people living with HIV is a serious clinical condition that is associated with high mortality. Hence, early diagnosis and treatment can be lifesaving. Although there are not well accepted criteria to identify patients at risk of reactivation, parasitemia levels are usually considered as the best predictor. Microscopy is used in Latin America for detection of parasitemia levels. However, this has low sensitivity, which usually leads to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. Quantitative PCR is used only for research proposes in endemic areas. Antigens in urine (antigenuria) are correlated with parasitemia levels in animal models, as well as in cases of congenital Chagas disease. We believe that antigenuria can also be used for prediction of parasitemia levels in T. cruzi/HIV co-infected patients. In this study, Chunap (Chagas urine nanoparticle test) was used for concentration and quantification of T. cruzi antigens in urine of T. cruzi/HIV co-infected patients. Values of more than 105 pg of T. cruzi antigens in urine were observed only in patients with reactivation of Chagas disease. This study shows that antigenuria levels are highly correlated to levels of parasitemia and can be used as a non-invasive technique for monitoring parasitemia levels in T. cruzi/HIV co-infected patients

Recognition of Peptidoglycan Fragments by the Transpeptidase PBP4 From Staphylococcus aureus

Peptidoglycan (PG) is an essential component of the cell envelope, maintaining bacterial cell shape and protecting it from bursting due to turgor pressure. The monoderm bacterium Staphylococcus aureus has a highly cross-linked PG, with ~90% of peptide stems participating in DD-cross-links and up to 15 peptide stems connected with each other. These cross-links are formed in transpeptidation reactions catalyzed by penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of classes A and B. Most S. aureus strains have three housekeeping PBPs with this function (PBP1, PBP2, and PBP3) but MRSA strains have acquired a third class B PBP, PBP2a, which is encoded by the mecA gene and required for the expression of high-level resistance to β-lactams. Another housekeeping PBP of S. aureus is PBP4, which belongs to the class C PBPs, and hence would be expected to have PG hydrolase (DD-carboxypeptidase or DD-endopeptidase) activity. However, previous works showed that, unexpectedly, PBP4 has transpeptidase activity that significantly contributes to both the high level of cross-linking in the PG of S. aureus and to the low level of β-lactam resistance in the absence of PBP2a. To gain insights into this unusual activity of PBP4, we studied by NMR spectroscopy its interaction in vitro with different substrates, including intact peptidoglycan, synthetic peptide stems, muropeptides, and long glycan chains with uncross-linked peptide stems. PBP4 showed no affinity for the complex, intact peptidoglycan or the smallest isolated peptide stems. Transpeptidase activity of PBP4 was verified with the disaccharide peptide subunits (muropeptides) in vitro, producing cyclic dimer and multimer products; these assays also showed a designed PBP4(S75C) nucleophile mutant to be inactive. Using this inactive but structurally highly similar variant, liquid-state NMR identified two interaction surfaces in close proximity to the central nucleophile position that can accommodate the potential donor and acceptor stems for the transpeptidation reaction. A PBP4:muropeptide model structure was built from these experimental restraints, which provides new mechanistic insights into mecA independent resistance to β-lactams in S. aureus

Sedentary behavior and dietary intake in children, adolescents and adults: A systematic review

Context: Sedentary behavior is implicated in youth and adult overweight and obesity. However, the relationship between sedentary behavior and weight status is often small or inconsistent, with few studies controlling for confounding factors such as diet and physical activity. Diet has been hypothesized to covary with some sedentary behaviors. It is opportune, therefore, to review whether dietary intake is associated with sedentary behavior in young people and adults. This may allow for better interpretation of the diversity of findings concerning sedentary behavior and weight status. Evidence acquisition: Published English-language studies were located from computerized and manual searches in early 2010. Included studies were observational studies assessing an association between at least one sedentary behavior and at least one aspect of dietary intake in children (aged <11 years), adolescents (aged 1218 years), or adults (aged >18 years). Evidence synthesis: Fifty-three studies, totaling 111 independent samples, were eligible for this review. Sedentary behavior in children (n=19, independent samples=24), adolescents (n=26, independent samples=72), and adults (n=11, independent samples=14) appears to be clearly associated with elements of a less healthy diet including lower fruit and vegetable consumption; higher consumption of energy-dense snacks, drinks, and fast foods; and higher total energy intake. Strengths of association were mainly in the small-to-moderate range. Conclusions: The association drawn mainly from cross-sectional studies is that sedentary behavior, usually assessed as screen time and predominantly TV viewing, is associated with unhealthy dietary behaviors in children, adolescents, and adults. Interventions need to be developed that target reductions in sedentary time to test whether diet also changes. © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine

Current patch test results with the European baseline series and extensions to it from the 'European Surveillance System on Contact Allergy' network, 2007-2008

BACKGROUND: The pattern of contact sensitization to the supposedly most important allergens assembled in the baseline series differs between countries, presumably at least partly because of exposure differences. Objectives. To describe the prevalence of contact sensitization to allergens tested in consecutive patients in the years 2007 and 2008, and to discuss possible differences. METHODS: Data from the 39 departments in 11 European countries comprising the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergy network (www.essca-dc.org) in this period have been pooled and analysed according to common standards. RESULTS: Patch test results with the European baseline series, and country-specific or department-specific additions to it, obtained in 25 181 patients, showed marked international variation. Metals and fragrances are still the most frequent allergens across Europe. Some allergens tested nationally may be useful future additions to the European baseline series, for example methylisothiazolinone, whereas a few long-term components of the European baseline series, namely primin and clioquinol, no longer warrant routine testing. CONCLUSIONS: The present analysis points to 'excess' prevalences of specific contact sensitization in some countries, although interpretation must be cautious if only few, and possibly specialized, centres are representing one country. A comparison as presented may help to target in-depth research into possible causes of 'excess' exposure, and/or consideration of methodological issues, including modifications to the baseline series

Identification of chemosensory receptor genes in Manduca sexta and knockdown by RNA interference

Insects detect environmental chemicals via a large and rapidly evolving family of chemosensory receptor proteins. Although our understanding of the molecular genetic basis for Drosophila chemoreception has increased enormously in the last decade, similar understanding in other insects remains limited. The tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, has long been an important model for insect chemosensation, particularly from ecological, behavioral, and physiological standpoints. It is also a major agricultural pest on solanaceous crops. However, little sequence information and lack of genetic tools has prevented molecular genetic analysis in this species. The ability to connect molecular genetic mechanisms, including potential lineage-specific changes in chemosensory genes, to ecologically relevant behaviors and specializations in M. sexta would be greatly beneficial. Here, we sequenced transcriptomes from adult and larval chemosensory tissues and identified chemosensory genes based on sequence homology. We also used dsRNA feeding as a method to induce RNA interference in larval chemosensory tissues. We report identification of new chemosensory receptor genes including 17 novel odorant receptors and one novel gustatory receptor. Further, we demonstrate that systemic RNA interference can be used in larval olfactory neurons to reduce expression of chemosensory receptor transcripts. Together, our results further the development of M. sexta as a model for functional analysis of insect chemosensation

Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma

Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths, but analysis of its molecular and clinical characteristics has been complicated by histological and aetiological heterogeneity. Here we describe a comprehensive molecular evaluation of 295 primary gastric adenocarcinomas as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. We propose a molecular classification dividing gastric cancer into four subtypes: tumours positive for Epstein–Barr virus, which display recurrent PIK3CA mutations, extreme DNA hypermethylation, and amplification of JAK2, CD274 (also known as PD-L1) and PDCD1LG2 (also knownasPD-L2); microsatellite unstable tumours, which show elevated mutation rates, including mutations of genes encoding targetable oncogenic signalling proteins; genomically stable tumours, which are enriched for the diffuse histological variant and mutations of RHOA or fusions involving RHO-family GTPase-activating proteins; and tumours with chromosomal instability, which show marked aneuploidy and focal amplification of receptor tyrosine kinases. Identification of these subtypes provides a roadmap for patient stratification and trials of targeted therapies