La corrosion des aciers dans le béton à l'état passif et par carbonatation : prise en compte des courants galvaniques et des défauts d'interface acier-béton

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre des recherches sur la durabilité des ouvrages de stockage des déchets radioactifs en profondeur. Le travail réalisé est essentiellement expérimental. Une première partie du travail s'intéresse à la corrosion de l'acier à l'état passif en milieu aéré ou désaéré. En effet, la solution interstitielle du béton qui constitue l'électrolyte au contact du métal reste fortement alcaline. Dans ces conditions les aciers du béton armé forment par corrosion une couche d'oxydes stable et protectrice. Cette couche passive limite la corrosion de l'acier à des valeurs très faibles (négligeables sur des durées de vie courtes) mais non nulles. Etant donné la durée de vie pluriséculaire des ouvrages de stockage des déchets nucléaires, il est nécessaire d'étudier l'évolution dans le temps de cette couche d'oxydes sous l'effet d'une part de la corrosion lente de l'acier qui contribue à la faire croître et d'autre part de la dissolution/transformation (lente aussi) des oxydes dans le milieu et qui tend à l'inverse à faire diminuer son épaisseur. La seconde partie du travail s'intéresse à la corrosion des armatures dans le béton carbonaté en phase de propagation. L'originalité de ce travail porte sur la prise en compte de la présence de défauts d'interface acier-béton et sur l'apparition possible de courants de corrosion galvaniques entre différentes zones de ferraillage en fonction des conditions locales d'interface acier-béton et/ou de carbonatation du béton. L'étude de la corrosion à l'état passif a montré la présence d'une nouvelle couche d'oxydes, riche en calcium, formée post-coulage par transformation des oxydes préexistants comme notamment la magnétite sur tous les échantillons quel que soit le milieu de conservation. La présence de défauts d'interface semble augmenter la cinétique de formation de cette nouvelle couche. Malgré cela, les vitesses de corrosion à l'état passif mesurées restent équivalentes avec ou sans défaut d'interface et inférieures à 0,6 ?A/an (0,05 ?A/cm2). En ce qui concerne la corrosion par carbonatation, l'étude montre clairement que les courants de corrosion galvaniques pouvant se développer entre différentes zones de ferraillage peuvent être extrêmement importants notamment en présence de défaut d'interface acier-béton.This thesis aims to study the durability of nuclear waste deep storage structures. The work carried out is essentially an experimental study, and focuses on the corrosion of steel in the passive state with aerated or non-aerated conditions on the one hand, and the corrosion of steel in carbonated concrete during the propagation phase on the other hand. Indeed, the pore solution of concrete in contact with the metal is alkaline (pH between 12 and 13). Under these conditions, steel reinforced concrete remains passive by forming a stable and protective oxide layer (corrosion of steel in the passive state). This passive layer limits the steel corrosion rate at very low values (negligible on a short life time) but not null. For the nuclear waste storage structures due to a very long life time (up to several hundred years), this low corrosion rate can become a risk. Therefore, it is necessary to study the evolution of the oxide layer growth over time. The objectives of the thesis are to study the influence of the steel-concrete interface quality on reinforcement corrosion in passive and active state, and the possible occurrence of galvanic corrosion currents between different reinforcement steel areas. The study of corrosion in the passive state showed the presence of a new oxide layer, rich in calcium, formed post-casting by transformation of initial oxides layer such as magnetite whatever the conservation condition. The presence of interface steel-concrete default increases the kinetics of formation of this new layer. Despite of this, corrosion rates in passive state measured with or without default interface are equivalent and corrosion rates remain less than 0.6 ?A/year (0.05 ?A/cm2). The study of corrosion due to concrete carbonation shows clearly that extremely important galvanic corrosion currents can propagate between different reinforcement areas, especially in the presence of interface steel-concrete default

Soil Erosion Evaluation and Mapping Based on Geomatic Techniques in Wadi El Malleh Watershed

Soil erosion by water considered is serious problem in the Mediterranean region due to the climate aggressiviness of the mountainous terrain, the traditional farming practices and other anthropogenic pressure on its land and soil. The present study was scheduled to use Geographical Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing data and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to evaluate the annual average soil loss and sedimentation rate from Wadi El Malleh watershed, which is located in the Northern-Fez (Morocco), and covers an area of 34 km2 . In fact, RUSLE and SEDIMENTATION models were combined with GIS techniques to predict the spatiotemporal distribution of soil erosion and deposition under different land uses. The land use was assessed using the Google Earth image, which was taken in 2013. The image was first geo-referenced and projected into Moroccan coordinates system and classified by ArcGIS software. The use of RUSLE model allowed the estimation of static soil loss. Then the results of RUSLE were applied in the deposition modelling calculations to assess the spread of soil loss downstream by SEDIMENTATION model. The values of the annual net soil erosion obtained by this study were (81.86 t/ha/y) in bad land, (-19.19 t/ha/y) in irrigated agriculture areas and (-13.66 t/ha/y) in reforestation land where the negative values indicated deposition

Finite Element Analysis of Interactions between two cracks in FGM notched Plate under Mechanical Loading

The investigation of multiple crack interactions in fracture mechanics is important to predict the safety and reliability of structures. This paper introduces a 2D numerical investigation used to calculate the J-integral of the main crack behavior emanating from a semicircular notch and double semicircular notch and its interaction with another crack which may occur in various positions in titanium /titanium boride functionally graded material (TiB/Ti FGM) plate subjected to tensile mechanical load. Youngs modulus of the functionally graded material plate varies along the specimen width (notch radius direction r-FGM) with exponential-law (E-FGM) function. Further, the Poisson蒒s ratio is taken as a constant in normal direction. For this purpose the variations of the material properties are applied at the integration points and at the nodes by implementing a subroutine USDFLD in the ABAQUS software. The variation of the J-integral according to the position, the length, and the angle of rotation of cracks are examined; also the effect of different parameters for double notch FGM plate is investigated as well as the effect of band of FGM within the ceramic plate to reduce J-integral. According to the numerical analysis, all parameters above played an important role in determining the J-integral

Finite Element Analysis of Interactions of between two cracks in FGM notched Plate under Mechanical Loading

The investigation of multiple crack interactions in fracture mechanics is important to predict the safety and reliability of structures. This paper introduces a numerical investigation used to calculate the J-integral of the main crack behaviour emanating from a semicircular notch and double semicircular notch and its interaction with another crack which may occur in various positions in (TiB/Ti) FGM plate subjected to tensile mechanical load. Young’s modulus of the functionally graded material plate varies along the specimen width (notch radius direction r-FGM) with exponential-law (E-FGM) function. Further, the Poisson’s ratio is taken as a constant in normal direction.  For this purpose the variations of the material properties are applied at the integration points and at the nodes by implementing a subroutine USDFLD in the ABAQUS software.  The variation of the J-integral according to the position, the length, and the angle of rotation of cracks is demonstrated. The variation of the J-integral according to the position, the length, and the angle of rotation of cracks are examined; also the effect of different parameters for double notch FGM plate is investigated as well as the effect of band of FGM within the ceramic plate to reduce J-integral. According to the numerical analysis, all parameters above played an important role in determining the J-integral

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

La corrosion des aciers dans le béton à l'état passif et par carbonatation (prise en compte des courants galvaniques et des défauts d'interface acier-béton)

TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Influence of pre-existing oxides layer and interface condition with carbonated concrete on active reinforcing steel corrosion

WOS:000350904900002International audienceThis work focuses on carbonation-induced corrosion in concrete. This paper presents specific experiments which were developed in order to assess the influence of both pre-existing oxides layer at the surface of the steel bars and steel-concrete interface condition on active corrosion. Two types of active corrosion are studied: Microcell corrosion and galvanic corrosion. Results show that pre-existing oxide layer contributes to reduce both galvanic and microcell corrosion. Steel-concrete interface defect leads to a strong increase in galvanic corrosion but does not affect significantly microcell corrosion in carbonated concrete. The quantity of pre-existing oxides is highly scattered and these scatters can be superior to the mass of new oxides formed during relatively short-term corrosion tests in natural condition which makes mass loss analysis very difficult