Eye Gaze and Head Posture Jointly Influence Judgments of Dominance, Physical Strength, and Anger

Social status hierarchies are a universal principle of organization in human societies. Status judgments are often influenced by perceptions of the face and posture. Two important nonverbal cues of social status are head postures and eye gaze. Prior research has shown contradictory results and little is known about the interaction of these two cues. Study 1 investigated how eye gaze (direct vs. averted) and head postures (bowed vs. neutral vs. raised) impact judgments of dominance and physical strength. Judgments of dominance were influenced more than judgments of physical strength. Furthermore, raised heads implied dominance and strength, but in contrast to common assumptions, a bowed head conveyed dominance if the eyes gazed at the observer. Study 2 showed that bowed heads with direct gaze conveyed anger, potentially explaining the increased judgments of dominance. Taken together, the results show that head posture and gaze interactively modulated status-related traits and emotions, namely, dominance, strength, and anger, and help clarify prior incompatible findings on head postures and eye gaze. This is a pre-print of an article published in Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-018-0276-

Effluent treatment using polysaccharide

Polysaccharides are biopolymers that are found in manynatural sources and are made of monosaccharide units thatare bound through glycosidic linkages (Korakli & Vogel,2006). Together with proteins, lipids, and polynucleotides,polysaccharides are essential biomacromolecules that playcritical roles in the physiological functions of life (Dwek,1996; Zong, Cao, & Wang, 2012). Polysaccharides from differentsources exhibit distinct monosaccharide componentswith different configurations (α or β), glycosidic linkage patterns,branching degrees, and charging properties that makethem diverse chemical structures resulting their functionalproperties (Korakli & Vogel, 2006). Recently, polysaccharideshave interested increasing consideration due to their biologicalproperties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral,antidiabetic, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antihypertensive,immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective properties (Bucket al., 2006; Dong & Hadinoto, 2017; Shi, Zhang, & Yang,2013; Takeda et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2017;Zhou et al., 2015). In addition, polysaccharides are cheap,available in large scale, highly biocompatible and biodegradable,nontoxic, and nonreactogenic (Barclay, Day, Petrovsky,& Garg, 2019; Sivakami et al., 2013; Wang, Zhan, Ding, &Zhou, 2001). Therefore polysaccharides are promising materialsfor applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals,foods, and environment.Fil: Lassalle, Verónica Leticia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Química del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Química. Instituto de Química del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Satti, Angel Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Química del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Química. Instituto de Química del Sur; Argentin