Extremal limits of the Cvetic-Youm black hole and nilpotent orbits of G2(2)

We study extremal cohomogeneity one five-dimensional asymptotically flat black holes of minimal supergravity in terms of the geodesics generated by nilpotent elements of the Lie algebra g2(2) on the coset manifold G2(2)/SO(2,2). There are two branches of regular extremal black holes with these properties: (i) the supersymmetric BMPV branch, and (ii) the non-supersymmetric extremal branch. We show that both of these branches are reproduced by nilpotent SO(2,2)-orbits. Furthermore, we show that the partial ordering of nilpotent orbits of G2(2) is in one-to-one correspondence with the phase diagram of these extremal black holes.Comment: 17 pages, 2 figures; v2 two minus sign typos in appendix A equation (A.3) corrected, no other change

The Weak Coupling Spectrum around Isolated Vacua in N=4 Super Yang-Mills on T^3 with any Gauge Group

The moduli space of flat connections for maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories, in a space-time of the form T^3xR, contains isolated points, corresponding to normalizable zero energy states, for certain simple gauge groups G. We consider the low energy effective field theories in the weak coupling limit supported on such isolated points and find that when quantized they consist of an infinite set of harmonic oscillators whose angular frequencies are completely determined by the Lie algebra of G. We then proceed to find the isolated flat connections for all simple G and subsequently specify the corresponding effective field theories.Comment: 32 pages, 11 figures, v4 Added chapter, Published versio

Implications of the band gap problem on oxidation and hydration in acceptor-doped barium zirconate

Charge carrier concentrations in acceptor-doped proton-conducting perovskites are to a large extent determined by the hydration and oxidation of oxygen vacancies, which introduce protons and holes, respectively. First-principles modeling of these reactions involves calculation of formation energies of charged defects, which requires an accurate description of the band gap and the position of the band edges. Since density-functional theory (DFT) with local and semi-local exchange-correlation functionals (LDA and GGA) systematically fails to predict these quantities this can have serious implications on the modeling of defect reactions. In this study we investigate how the description of band gap and band edge positions affects the hydration and oxidation in acceptor-doped BaZrO$_3$. First-principles calculations are performed in combination with thermodynamic modeling in order to obtain equilibrium charge carrier concentrations at different temperatures and partial pressures. Three different methods have been considered: DFT with both semi-local (PBE) and hybrid (PBE0) exchange-correlation functionals, and many-body perturbation theory within the $G_0W_0$-approximation. All three methods yield similar results for the hydration reaction, which are consistent with experimental findings. For the oxidation reaction, on the other hand, there is a qualitative difference. PBE predicts the reaction to be exothermic while the two others predict an endothermic behavior. Results from thermodynamic modeling are compared with available experimental data, such as enthalpies, concentrations and conductivities, and only the results obtained with PBE0 and $G_0W_0$, with an endothermic oxidation behavior, give a satisfactory agreement with experiments.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures + supplementary material (2 pages

Simple one pot preparation of chemical hydrogels from cellulose dissolved in cold LiOH/urea

In this work, non-derivatized cellulose pulp was dissolved in a cold alkali solution (LiOH/urea) and chemically cross-linked with methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) to form a robust hydrogel with superior water absorption properties. Different cellulose concentrations (i.e., 2, 3 and 4 wt%) and MBA/glucose molar ratios (i.e., 0.26, 0.53 and 1.05) were tested. The cellulose hydrogel cured at 60 °C for 30 min, with a MBA/glucose molar ratio of 1.05, exhibited the highest water swelling capacity absorbing ca. 220 g H2O/g dry hydrogel. Moreover, the data suggest that the cross-linking occurs via a basic Michael addition mechanism. This innovative procedure based on the direct dissolution of unmodified cellulose in LiOH/urea followed by MBA cross-linking provides a simple and fast approach to prepare chemically cross-linked non-derivatized high-molecular-weight cellulose hydrogels with superior water uptake capacity.Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, FCT, via the projects PTDC/AGR-TEC/4814/2014, PTDC/ASP-SIL/30619/2017 and UIDB/05183/2020, and the research grant IF/01005/2014.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Size and shape of oxygen vacancies and protons in acceptor-doped barium zirconate

The defect induced chemical expansion in acceptor-doped barium zirconate is investigated using density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The two defect species involved in the hydration reaction, the +2 charged oxygen vacancy and the proton interstitial forming a hydroxide ion, are considered both as free defects and in association with the dopants Y, In, Sc and Ga. The defect induced strain tensor lambda is introduced, which provides a natural generalisation of the ordinary chemical expansion to three dimensions and to anisotropic distortions. Both the addition of a vacancy and a proton cause anisotropic distortions and a net contraction of the lattice, indicating that both the vacancy and the hydroxide ion are smaller than the oxygen ion. The contraction is considerably larger for the vacancy and the net effect in hydration, when a vacancy is filled and two protons are added, is an expansion, consistent with the experimental findings. The effect of the dopants on the chemical expansion in hydration is found to be quite small, even if it is assumed that both the vacancy and the proton are fully associated with a dopant atom in the lattice

Eläinsuojelus

14 x 21 c

Vid livets slut har man bara en chans att göra rätt : Optimal palliativ vård för personer med demenssjukdom

Syftet med det här arbetet är att genom litteraturstudier beskriva en optimal palliativ vård för personer med demenssjukdom. Frågeställningen är: Vad kännetecknar en optimal palliativ vård för personer med demenssjukdom? Som teoretiska utgångspunkter fungerar Katharine Kolcabas teori om välbefinnande samt Kerstin Segestens teori om trygghet. Arbetet är en systematisk litteraturstudie och som dataanalysmetod har kvalitativ innehållsanalys använts. Totalt 11 stycken vetenskapliga artiklar har analyserats. I resultatet framkom att det är viktigt att det finns tillräckligt med resurser för att den palliativa vården ska fungera smidigt. Det behöver också finnas bra samarbete mellan olika instanser som ger service. Multiprofessionellt teamarbete kom också fram som en viktig del och innebär att man som sjukskötare behöver stöd av experter och ledare. Det behöver också finnas gott samarbete mellan de olika yrkesgrupperna som är inblandade i den palliativa vården för personer med demenssjukdom. Att vårdpersonalen är kompetent är betydelsefullt för att vården ska fungera bra. Också en personcentrerad vård är en viktig del av resultatet. Detta innebär att vården är välplanerad också på förhand, att bedömning och tillgodoseende av behov fungerar bra för patienter med demenssjukdom, att vården sker på ett empatiskt sätt samt att de närstående får det stöd de behöver.The purpose with this study is to describe the optimal palliative care for patients with dementia by conducting a literature study. The research question is: What characterizes optimal palliative care for patients with dementia? The theoretical take-off points are the comfort theory by Katharine Kolcaba and the theory of safety by Kerstin Segesten. The study is a systematic literature study and data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. 11 scientific articles were used in the analysis. For the palliative care to function properly it is important that there is enough resources. Collaboration between services is also essential. Another important issue is multiprofessional teamwork between the different professions that give palliative care to patients with dementia. Qualified staff is another crucial factor for making care work well. Person centered care is also an important part of the result, meaning that care must be well planned, also in advance. It also means that assessment of needs and adressing needs is done properly. Care must be given with compassion and the family members are to be offered the support they need

THE TERM OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE RE-NEGOTIATED

Implementing Open Source Software (OSS) technology (tools and practices) entails potential for radical organisational transformation of software production. Not going there yet, this paper discusses the local re-negotiation of the term OSS itself in certain case companies. We claim that these processes (1. organisational change, and 2. renegotiation of the term OSS) are intertwined. Renegotiation of the term is needed in order to create an understanding of what it means to leverage OSS locally. Based on a systematic literature review, we investigate two cases to outline what kind of renegotiation of the term occurs when a company alters it\u27s software production. Initial findings indicate that future research on organizational OSS may benefit from a more critical review of the processes occurring under the term OSS

Kaitsealuste päevaliblikate ökoloogia Eestis

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Paljude Euroopa päevaliblikaliblikaliikide seisund on halvenemas. Eduka looduskaitselise tegevuse jaoks on vaja mõista ohustatud liikide põhilisi ökoloogilisi nõudmisi. Vastsena taimedel toituvatele putukatele on sobiva taimeliigi olemasolu mõistagi peamine keskkonna sobivuse näitaja. Toidutaime olulisus siiski erineb monofaagsete (toituvad ühel taimeliigil), oligofaagsete (toituvad mõnel suguluses oleval liigil) ja polüfaagsete (toituvad mitmetel erinevatel taimeliikidel) putukate jaoks, samuti komplitseerib olukorda toidutaimekasutuse geograafiline varieerumine. Seetõttu on oluline teada, kas mõnel ohustatud liblikaliigil on lokaalselt spetsiifilisemad taime-eelistused kui regioonis üldiselt. Oma töös uurisin viie Euroopas ohustatuks peetava päevaliblikaliigi toidutaimekasutust Eestis kasutades erinevaid laborkatseid, välitöid ning levikuanalüüsi. Uuritavateks liikideks olid sõõrsilmik, vareskaera-aasasilmik, suur-kuldtiib, teelehe-mosaiikliblikas ja suur-mosaiikliblikas. Töö tulemused näitavad, et sõõrsilmik ja vareskaera-aasasilmik on polüfaagsed, mistõttu ühegi konkreetse taimeliigi olemasolu ei määra elupaiga kvaliteeti ega limiteeri nende liikide levikut. Leidsime siiski, et vareskaera-aasasilmikul esineb mikroelupaigalisi eelistusi. Suur-kuldtiiva peamiseks toidutaimeks on tömbilehine oblikas, mis on kooskõlas liigi leviku analüüsi tulemusega. Nimelt eelistab liblikas kraavide ja inimasustusega alasid – need loovad usutavasti oblikale soodsaid kasvutingimusi. Teelehe-mosaiikliblikas näib Eestis olevat monofaagne harilikul peetrilehel, mis on siiani jäänud ainsaks tõendatud selle liblika toidutaimeks. Suur-mosaiikliblika levik on seotud hariliku saarega – looduses on röövikuid leitud vaid sellelt taimeliigilt; liblikas on levinud vaid seal, kus toidutaim esineb. Viie uuritud liblikaliigi ohustatuse hindamine ei olnud küll käesoleva töö otseseks eesmärgiks, kuid autorile teadaolevalt ei viita miski nende liikide populatsioonide kahanemisele Eestis. Kõikide uuritud liblikaliikide olukord Eestis on hea, kuid teelehe- ja suur-mosaiikliblika jaoks võib tulevik siiski olla ebakindlam. Seda just maakasutusmuutuste ning kiiresti leviva seenhaiguse tõttu, mis mõjutavad nende liblikate peamisi toidutaimi, vastavalt peetrilehte ja saart. Kogutud informatsiooni on kindlasti võimalik kasutada nendes piirkondades, kus nimetatud viie liblikaliigi looduskaitseline seisund on halvem ning ka tähelepanu vajavate kohalike populatsioonide kaitseks Eestis.Numerous European butterflies are declining. To develop successful conservation practices it is necessary to understand the basic ecological requirements of the endangered species. The presence of a suitable host species is the main criterion for herbivorous insects. The importance of the host plant is different for monophagous (feeding only on one host species), oligophagous (feeding on few related species) and polyphagous (feeding on wide range of host species) insects, as well as host plant use may vary geographically. Therefore, it is vital to know whether any endangered species has more specific food preferences locally than believed for the region as whole. I explored the importance of host plant in Estonia for endangered buttefly species Lopinga achine, Coenonympha hero, Lycaena dispar, Euphydryas aurinia and E. maturna, using different laboratory experiments, field work and analyses of distribution. We found out that L. achine and C. hero are polyphagous, so the presence of a certain plant species does not determine the habitat quality or limit the distribution of these butterflies. Still, C. hero seems to have preferences at microhabitat level. Primary host plant for L. dispar in Estonia is the broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius), which is consistent with the results contry-wide distribution analyses: this butterfly species prefers areas with ditches and human settlemen, these factors likely creating favourable conditions for the host species. E. aurinia appears to be functionally monophagous on devil's-bit scabious (Succisa pratensis), which has remained the only confirmed host plant in the country. E. maturna is related to ash (Fraxinus excelsior): caterpillars have been found only on ash trees in the wild; the butterfly species is distributed only in the areas where the host species is present. Assessment of the conservation status of the five butterfly species was not among the aims of the present study. However, there is no direct evidence of decline for any of these species in Estonia. The conservation status of all five butterfly species appears favourable. Although the the future of E. aurinia and E. maturna looks more uncertain due to changes in agriculture practice and a fungal disease which affect their main host plants. Local populations of these five butterfly species may still require attention. Also, the information gathered must be used in other regions where these species may be of higher conservation concern