Designing spin-spin interactions with one and two dimensional ion crystals in planar micro traps

We discuss the experimental feasibility of quantum simulation with trapped ion crystals, using magnetic field gradients. We describe a micro structured planar ion trap, which contains a central wire loop generating a strong magnetic gradient of about 20 T/m in an ion crystal held about 160 \mu m above the surface. On the theoretical side, we extend a proposal about spin-spin interactions via magnetic gradient induced coupling (MAGIC) [Johanning, et al, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 42 (2009) 154009]. We describe aspects where planar ion traps promise novel physics: Spin-spin coupling strengths of transversal eigenmodes exhibit significant advantages over the coupling schemes in longitudinal direction that have been previously investigated. With a chip device and a magnetic field coil with small inductance, a resonant enhancement of magnetic spin forces through the application of alternating magnetic field gradients is proposed. Such resonantly enhanced spin-spin coupling may be used, for instance, to create Schr\"odinger cat states. Finally we investigate magnetic gradient interactions in two-dimensional ion crystals, and discuss frustration effects in such two-dimensional arrangements.Comment: 20 pages, 13 figure

Анализ динамики структурных и гемодинамических параметров макулярной области у пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой и сахарным диабетом при долгосрочном наблюдении

PURPOSE. To study the changes in structural and hemodynamic parameters of the retina and foveolar avascular zone (FAZ) over time in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and diabetes mellitus (DM) observed in long-term follow-up.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 258 patients (258 eyes) divided into five groups: group 1 — 58 patients (58 eyes) with stage I POAG and DM; group 2 — 50 patients (50 eyes) with stage I POAG; group 3 — 50 patients (50 eyes) with stage III POAG and DM; group 4 — 50 patients (50 eyes) with stage III POAG; group 5 — 50 patients (50 eyes) with DM. Patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmological examination, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), optical coherence tomo-graphy angiography (OCT-A) of the macular region. The follow-up lasted 24 months.RESULTS. Analysis of the initial parameters in groups of patients with comorbidities showed the lowest values compared to controls, which were progressively worsening. MD in the group with DM + stage I POAG had reliably decreased after 12 months (by 5.05%), after 24 months by 12.12% (p≤0.05). The speed of GCL+IPL loss in groups 1 and 3 during the first year of observation was almost equal for initial and advanced glaucoma — 1.35 (-2.03%) and 1.32 (-2.36%) µm/year, but in group 3 the loss had doubled after two years (2.48 (-4.44%) and 1.41 (2.12%) µm/year). Deterioration of hymodynamic parameters in the macular region in groups 1 and 3 was noted primarily in the inner sectors (whole image vessel density in parafovea (PF wiVD) -0.79% during the first, and -2.57% during the second year in initial glaucoma, -0.6% and -1.24% in advanced, whole image vessel density in parafovea (PF wiVD) -0.2% and -1.22%, -0.66% and -1.56%, respectively). Parameters of FAZ had changed significantly after 2 years in patients with stage I POAG and DM: its area size had increased by 10.2%, perimeter by 4.49%, circularity index had decreased by 3.17%.CONCLUSION. Comorbidity of POAG and DM is accompanied by development and quick progression of significant changes in structural and hemodynamic parameters of the retina as observed by this long-term follow-up.ЦЕЛЬ. Изучить динамику структурных и гемодинамических параметров сетчатки и фовеолярной аваскулярной зоны (ФАЗ) у пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой (ПОУГ) на фоне сахарного диабета (СД) при долгосрочном наблюдении.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В исследование включены 258 пациентов (258 глаз), которые разделены на следующие группы: 1-я группа ‒ 58 пациентов (58 глаз) с ПОУГ I стадии и СД; 2-я группа ‒ 50 пациентов (50 глаз) с ПОУГ I стадии; 3-я ‒ 50 пациентов (50 глаз) с ПОУГ III стадии и СД; 4-я ‒ 50 пациентов (50 глаз) с ПОУГ III стадии; 5–я ‒ 50 пациентов (50 глаз) с СД. Пациентам проведено полное офтальмологическое обследование, спектральная оптическая когерентная томография (ОКТ), оптическая когерентная томография с функцией ангиографии (OКT-A) макулы. Срок наблюдения 24 месяца.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Анализ исходных показателей в группах коморбидных пациентов показал самые низкие значения по сравнению с контрольными группами, ухудшающиеся по мере прогрессии заболевания. MD в группе СД+ПОУГ I стадии достоверно снизился через 12 месяцев (на 5,05%), через 24 месяца (на 12,12%, р≤0,05). Скорость потери комплекса ганглиозных клеток сетчатки и внутреннего плексиформного слоя сетчатки (GCL+IPL) в 1 и 3-й группах за первый год исследования была практически одинакова для начальной и далекозашедшей стадий — 1,35 (-2,03%) и 1,32 (-2,36%) мкм/год, но в 3-й группе через 2 года потеря увеличилась вдвое — 2,48 (-4,44%) и 1,41 (-2,12%) мкм/год. Ухудшение гемодинамики макулярной области в 1 и 3-й группах преимущественно отмечено во внутренних секторах (PF wiPD -0,79% за первый и -2,57% второй год при начальной стадии, -0,6 и -1,24% — при далекозашедшей глаукоме, PF wiVD-0,2% и -1,22%, -0,66 и -1,56% соответственно). Показатели ФАЗ за 2 года значимо изменились у пациентов с СД+ПОУГ I стадии: площадь увеличилась на 10,2%, периметр на 4,49%, а индекс циркулярности уменьшился на 3,17%.ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Сочетанное течение ПОУГ и СД сопровождается развитием выраженных структурных и гемодинамических изменений сетчатки с высокой скоростью прогрессии при долгосрочном наблюдении

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3–90 years

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age‐related trajectories inferred from cross‐sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3–90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter‐individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age‐related morphometric patterns

Cortical thickness across the lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3–90 years

Delineating the association of age and cortical thickness in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thickness with cognition and behavior. Previous research has shown that robust estimates of the association between age and brain morphometry require large-scale studies. In response, we used cross-sectional data from 17,075 individuals aged 3–90 years from the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to infer age-related changes in cortical thickness. We used fractional polynomial (FP) regression to quantify the association between age and cortical thickness, and we computed normalized growth centiles using the parametric Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Interindividual variability was estimated using meta-analysis and one-way analysis of variance. For most regions, their highest cortical thickness value was observed in childhood. Age and cortical thickness showed a negative association; the slope was steeper up to the third decade of life and more gradual thereafter; notable exceptions to this general pattern were entorhinal, temporopolar, and anterior cingulate cortices. Interindividual variability was largest in temporal and frontal regions across the lifespan. Age and its FP combinations explained up to 59% variance in cortical thickness. These results may form the basis of further investigation on normative deviation in cortical thickness and its significance for behavioral and cognitive outcomes

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age-related trajectories inferred from cross-sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter-individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age-related morphometric patterns

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age-related trajectories inferred from cross-sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter-individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age-related morphometric patterns.Education and Child Studie

Cortical thickness across the lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Delineating the association of age and cortical thickness in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thickness with cognition and behavior. Previous research has shown that robust estimates of the association between age and brain morphometry require large‐scale studies. In response, we used cross‐sectional data from 17,075 individuals aged 3–90 years from the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to infer age‐related changes in cortical thickness. We used fractional polynomial (FP) regression to quantify the association between age and cortical thickness, and we computed normalized growth centiles using the parametric Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Interindividual variability was estimated using meta‐analysis and one‐way analysis of variance. For most regions, their highest cortical thickness value was observed in childhood. Age and cortical thickness showed a negative association; the slope was steeper up to the third decade of life and more gradual thereafter; notable exceptions to this general pattern were entorhinal, temporopolar, and anterior cingulate cortices. Interindividual variability was largest in temporal and frontal regions across the lifespan. Age and its FP combinations explained up to 59% variance in cortical thickness. These results may form the basis of further investigation on normative deviation in cortical thickness and its significance for behavioral and cognitive outcomes

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3–90 years

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age‐related trajectories inferred from cross‐sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3–90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter‐individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age‐related morphometric patterns

OPTIMIZATION OF THE IOL OPTICAL POWER CALCULATION IN PATIENTS WITH COMPLICATED CATARACT AND PSEUDOEXFOLIATIVE SYNDROME

Background. In recent years the phacoemulsification with IOL implantation (PHACO+IOL) is a «gold» standard for cataract surgery. This requires high refractive outcomes that depend upon a number of reasons. One of those is a change in the IOL position in the eye, which can be caused by dystrophic lesions of the zonular system of lens associated with the pseudoexfoliative syndrome (PEХ).Purpose. To increase the accuracy of IOL power calculations in patients with complicated cataract and pseudoexfoliative syndrome.Material and methods. A comparative analysis of refractive results in phacoemulsification with IOL implantation PHACO+IOL was performed in 57 cases of cataract with PEХ. All clinical materials were divided into two groups based on bio-microscopic characteristics: with initial and advanced PEX symptoms. All patients underwent standard examinations. A comparative analysis of refractive outcomes in the study groups was carried out using the «reverse calculation» method that consists in a recalculation of IOL power based on post-operative examination data in both groups.Results. There was no necessity in any amendments to the IOL power calculation in patients with cataract and initial PEX stage. An error of the calculated IOL power was detected in patients with advanced PEХ stage on an average 0.37±0.12D.Сonclusion. The detected error of the calculated IOL power in patients with advanced PEX stage requires an amendment amendment for A constant Am=A+0.3

Comparative assessment of daily curves in patients with cataract associated with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) before and after phacoemulsification with IOL implantation

Purpose. To perform a comparative analysis of the 24-hour control of intraocular pressure (IOP) amplitudes in patients with complicated cataract associated with PEX before and after phacoemulsification of cataract.Material and methods. The clinical study was carried out in 154 eyes of 154 patients with cataract associated with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX). All patients diagnosed with cataract associated with PEX were divided into 3 groups: the group 1 included patients with normal IOP level preoperatively (n=55); the group 2 included patients with IOP ophthalmohypertension preoperatively (n=57); the group 3 included patients with primary open-angle initial glaucoma (n=42). The study of the amplitude of 24-hour fluctuations of IOP and diurnal curve of IOP before and after cataract phacoemulsification was performed. Before the PHACO+IOL the amplitude of diurnal IOP fluctuations was in the group 1: 5.22±0.49 mm Hg, and in the groups 2 and 3: 6.81±1.21 mmHg and 6.60±1.49 mm Hg, respectively.Results. Patients of the group 1 had a significant decrease in the amplitude of diurnal IOP fluctuations by 1.27±0.93 mm Hg (p<0.001). A decrease in the amplitude of diurnal IOP fluctuations by 2.34±1.26 mm Hg (p<0.001) was noted in patients of the group 2. In the group 3 a decrease in the amplitude of diurnal IOP fluctuations by 1.15±1.14 mm Hg (p<0.001) was observed. A tendency of changes in diurnal IOP curves after surgery was revealed in all cases.Conclusion. PHACO+IOL in patients with cataract associated with PEX allows to normalize the level, amplitude and type of diurnal IOP curve