Herramienta pedag?gica para la ense?anza de las ciencias naturales

48 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoEl presente proyecto est? basado en la implementaci?n de una Herramienta Pedag?gica en el ?rea de las Ciencias Naturales en el grado s?ptimo (A, B y C) de la Instituci?n Escuela Normal Superior Santa Teresita. Esta instituci?n no cuenta con proyectos sobre las herramientas pedag?gicas, pero es de resaltar que la instituci?n es netamente pedag?gica y que se fundamenta en el pedagogo Celestin Freinet, el cual plantea el texto libre y la UAI. Teniendo en cuenta los Lineamientos curriculares, los cuales proponen ejes fundamentales como son los procesos de pensamiento y acci?n y conocimiento cient?fico b?sico, se realiza la Cartilla ?EXPLOREMOS 7?? ?La C?lula?, con el fin de que los estudiantes participen de un aprendizaje activo y significativo. Para la realizaci?n de este proyecto, las investigadoras se centraron en varios autores como Koock, Ville, Helena Curt?s, Sneider y Chowan, quienes dieron aportes significativos a esta tesis de grado. Con esta Herramienta Pedag?gica se busca mejorar los procesos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, mejorando la actividad educativa evidenciando mediante la pr?ctica resultados positivos de aprendizaje.ABSTRACT. This project is based on the implementation of a Pedagogical Tool in the area of natural science in seventh grade (A, B and C) of the Superior Normal School Institution Theresa. This institution has no projects on educational tools, but it is noteworthy that the institution is purely educational and is based on the pedagogue Celestin Freinet, which raises the free text and IAU. Given the curriculum guidelines, which are proposed as the cornerstones of thought and action processes and basic scientific knowledge, the Primer is done "EXPLORATIONS 7th" "The Cell" in order to engage students in learning active and meaningful. For this project, the researchers focused on several authors as Koock, Ville, Helena Curtis, Sneider and Chowan, who gave significant contributions to this thesis. This pedagogical tool is to improve the learning processes of students, improving the educational activity showing positive results through practical learning.INTRODUCCI?N 11 1. MARCO CONTEXTUAL 12 2. ANTECEDENTES 13 3. FORMULACI?N DEL PROBLEMA 15 4. PREGUNTA PROBLEMATIZADORA 16 5. JUSTIFICACI?N 17 6. OBJETIVOS 18 6.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 18 6.2 OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS 18 7. MARCO TE?RICO 19 7.1 LEY GENERAL DE EDUCACI?N 19 7.2 LINEAMIENTOS Y EST?NDARES CURRICULARES 19 7.2.1 Procesos de pensamiento y acci?n grado s?ptimo 20 7.2.2 Conocimiento de procesos biol?gicos 20 7.3 CONSTRUCTIVISMO 21 7.4 DID?CTICA 21 7.5 ESTRATEGIA 22 7.6 ESTRATEGIAS DID?CTICAS 23 7.7 APRENDIZAJE SIGNIFICATIVO 23 7.8 ENSE?ANZA 26 7.9 PEDAGOG?AS ACTIVAS 26 7.10 CELESTIN FREINET 27 7.11 HELENA CURTIS 29 7.12 N. SUE BARNES 30 7.13 ADRIANA SCHNEK 30 8. DISE?O METODOL?GICO 31 8.1 TIPO DE INVESTIGACI?N 31 8.2 FASES DE LA INVESTIGACI?N 32 8.3 POBLACI?N 33 8.4 MUESTRA 33 8.5 CATEGOR?AS 33 8.6 INSTRUMENTOS PARA LA RECOLECCI?N DE INFORMACI?N 33 8.6.1 Observaci?n participativa 34 8.6.2 Taller 34 9. CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES 35 10. AN?LISIS DE RESULTADOS 36 10.1 PRE-T?S TALLER DE DIAGN?STICO 36 10.2 POST-TEST. PRUEBA FINAL 37 10.3 AN?LISIS COMPARATIVO 39 10.3.1 Diferencias de la c?lula animal y la c?lula vegetal 39 10.3.2 Funciones de la c?lula animal y vegetal 39 11. CONCLUSIONES 41 RECOMENDACIONES 42 REFERENCIAS 43 ANEXOS 4

Young Women With Type 1 Diabetes Have Lower Bone Mineral Density That Persists Over Time

OBJECTIVE—Individuals with type 1 diabetes have decreased bone mineral density (BMD), yet the natural history and pathogenesis of osteopenia are unclear. We have previously shown that women with type 1 diabetes (aged 13–35 years) have lower BMD than community age-matched nondiabetic control subjects. We here report 2-year follow-up BMD data in this cohort to determine the natural history of BMD in young women with and without diabetes

La elaboración de la Ordenanza de Montes de Marina, de 31 de enero de 1748, base de la política oceánica de la monarquía española durante el siglo XVIII

The aim of this study is to analyze, from a legal and institutional perspective, the several preparatory work done by the Spanish monarchy in order to create, in 1748, a forest Ordinance for naval construction that competed with the needs of the rural populations who saw how their daily raw material, extracted from the trees.Este estudio pretende analizar, desde una perspectiva jurídico-institucional, los diversos trabajos preparatorios que abordó la Monarquía española con objeto de crear, en 1748, una Ordenanza forestal para fomento naval, que compitió con las necesidades de las poblaciones rurales que veían cómo les era despojada su materia prima cotidiana, extraída de los árboles

Elliptic flow of charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV

We report the first measurement of charged particle elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (|$\eta$|<0.8) and transverse momentum range 0.2< $p_{\rm T}$< 5.0 GeV/$c$. The elliptic flow signal v$_2$, measured using the 4-particle correlation method, averaged over transverse momentum and pseudorapidity is 0.087 $\pm$ 0.002 (stat) $\pm$ 0.004 (syst) in the 40-50% centrality class. The differential elliptic flow v$_2(p_{\rm T})$ reaches a maximum of 0.2 near $p_{\rm T}$ = 3 GeV/$c$. Compared to RHIC Au-Au collisions at 200 GeV, the elliptic flow increases by about 30%. Some hydrodynamic model predictions which include viscous corrections are in agreement with the observed increase.Comment: 10 pages, 4 captioned figures, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/389

Effect of surgical experience and spine subspecialty on the reliability of the {AO} Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification System

OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper was to determine the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of the AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification System based on surgeon experience (&lt; 5 years, 5–10 years, 10–20 years, and &gt; 20 years) and surgical subspecialty (orthopedic spine surgery, neurosurgery, and "other" surgery). METHODS A total of 11,601 assessments of upper cervical spine injuries were evaluated based on the AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification System. Reliability and reproducibility scores were obtained twice, with a 3-week time interval. Descriptive statistics were utilized to examine the percentage of accurately classified injuries, and Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to screen for potentially relevant differences between study participants. Kappa coefficients (κ) determined the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility. RESULTS The intraobserver reproducibility was substantial for surgeon experience level (&lt; 5 years: 0.74 vs 5–10 years: 0.69 vs 10–20 years: 0.69 vs &gt; 20 years: 0.70) and surgical subspecialty (orthopedic spine: 0.71 vs neurosurgery: 0.69 vs other: 0.68). Furthermore, the interobserver reliability was substantial for all surgical experience groups on assessment 1 (&lt; 5 years: 0.67 vs 5–10 years: 0.62 vs 10–20 years: 0.61 vs &gt; 20 years: 0.62), and only surgeons with &gt; 20 years of experience did not have substantial reliability on assessment 2 (&lt; 5 years: 0.62 vs 5–10 years: 0.61 vs 10–20 years: 0.61 vs &gt; 20 years: 0.59). Orthopedic spine surgeons and neurosurgeons had substantial intraobserver reproducibility on both assessment 1 (0.64 vs 0.63) and assessment 2 (0.62 vs 0.63), while other surgeons had moderate reliability on assessment 1 (0.43) and fair reliability on assessment 2 (0.36). CONCLUSIONS The international reliability and reproducibility scores for the AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification System demonstrated substantial intraobserver reproducibility and interobserver reliability regardless of surgical experience and spine subspecialty. These results support the global application of this classification system

Anti-tumour necrosis factor discontinuation in inflammatory bowel disease patients in remission: study protocol of a prospective, multicentre, randomized clinical trial

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease who achieve remission with anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs may have treatment withdrawn due to safety concerns and cost considerations, but there is a lack of prospective, controlled data investigating this strategy. The primary study aim is to compare the rates of clinical remission at 1?year in patients who discontinue anti-TNF treatment versus those who continue treatment. Methods: This is an ongoing, prospective, double-blind, multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with Crohn?s disease or ulcerative colitis who have achieved clinical remission for ?6?months with an anti-TNF treatment and an immunosuppressant. Patients are being randomized 1:1 to discontinue anti-TNF therapy or continue therapy. Randomization stratifies patients by the type of inflammatory bowel disease and drug (infliximab versus adalimumab) at study inclusion. The primary endpoint of the study is sustained clinical remission at 1?year. Other endpoints include endoscopic and radiological activity, patient-reported outcomes (quality of life, work productivity), safety and predictive factors for relapse. The required sample size is 194 patients. In addition to the main analysis (discontinuation versus continuation), subanalyses will include stratification by type of inflammatory bowel disease, phenotype and previous treatment. Biological samples will be obtained to identify factors predictive of relapse after treatment withdrawal. Results: Enrolment began in 2016, and the study is expected to end in 2020. Conclusions: This study will contribute prospective, controlled data on outcomes and predictors of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after withdrawal of anti-TNF agents following achievement of clinical remission. Clinical trial reference number: EudraCT 2015-001410-1

Inclusive and multiplicity dependent production of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in pp and p-Pb collisions

Measurements of the production of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV at midrapidity with the ALICE detector are presented down to a transverse momentum (p(T)) of 0.2 GeV/c and up to p(T) = 35 GeV/c, which is the largest momentum range probed for inclusive electron measurements in ALICE. In p-Pb collisions, the production cross section and the nuclear modification factor of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays are measured in the p(T) range 0.5 < p(T) < 26 GeV/c at root s(NN) = 8.16 TeV. The nuclear modification factor is found to be consistent with unity within the statistical and systematic uncertainties. In both collision systems, first measurements of the yields of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in different multiplicity intervals normalised to the multiplicity-integrated yield (self-normalised yield) at midrapidity are reported as a function of the self-normalised charged-particle multiplicity estimated at midrapidity. The self-normalised yields in pp and p-Pb collisions grow faster than linear with the self-normalised multiplicity. A strong p(T) dependence is observed in pp collisions, where the yield of high-p(T) electrons increases faster as a function of multiplicity than the one of low-p(T) electrons. The measurement in p-Pb collisions shows no p(T) dependence within uncertainties. The self-normalised yields in pp and p-Pb collisions are compared with measurements of other heavy-flavour, light-flavour, and strange particles, and with Monte Carlo simulations

Measurement of the non-prompt D-meson fraction as a function of multiplicity in proton-proton collisions at s \sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

The fractions of non-prompt (i.e. originating from beauty-hadron decays) D0 and D+ mesons with respect to the inclusive yield are measured as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 13 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The results are reported in intervals of transverse momentum (pT) and integrated in the range 1 < pT < 24 GeV/c. The fraction of non-prompt D0 and D+ mesons is found to increase slightly as a function of pT in all the measured multiplicity intervals, while no significant dependence on the charged- particle multiplicity is observed. In order to investigate the production and hadronisation mechanisms of charm and beauty quarks, the results are compared to PYTHIA 8 as well as EPOS 3 and EPOS 4 Monte Carlo simulations, and to calculations based on the colour glass condensate including three-pomeron fusion

Hypertriton Production in p-Pb Collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

The study of nuclei and antinuclei production has proven to be a powerful tool to investigate the formation mechanism of loosely bound states in high-energy hadronic collisions. The first measurement of the production of ${\rm ^{3}_{\Lambda}\rm H}$ in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV is presented in this Letter. Its production yield measured in the rapidity interval -1 < y < 0 for the 40% highest multiplicity p-Pb collisions is ${\rm d} N /{\rm d} y =[\mathrm{6.3 \pm 1.8 (stat.) \pm 1.2 (syst.) ] \times 10^{-7}}$. The measurement is compared with the expectations of statistical hadronisation and coalescence models, which describe the nucleosynthesis in hadronic collisions. These two models predict very different yields of the hypertriton in small collision systems such as p-Pb and therefore the measurement of ${\rm d} N /{\rm d} y$ is crucial to distinguish between them. The precision of this measurement leads to the exclusion with a significance larger than 6$\sigma$ of some configurations of the statistical hadronisation, thus constraining the production mechanism of loosely bound states

General balance functions of identified charged hadron pairs of (pi,K,p) in Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV

First measurements of balance functions (BFs) of all combinations of identified charged hadron ( π , K, p) pairs in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV recorded by the ALICE detector are presented. The BF measurements are carried out as two-dimensional differential correlators versus the relative rapidity (delta-y) and azimuthal angle (delta-φ) of hadron pairs, and studied as a function of collision centrality. The delta-φ dependence of BFs is expected to be sensitive to the light quark diffusivity in the quark–gluon plasma. While the BF azimuthal widths of all pairs substantially decrease from peripheral to central collisions, the longitudinal widths exhibit mixed behaviors: BFs of π π and cross-species pairs narrow significantly in more central collisions, whereas those of KK and pp are found to be independent of collision centrality. This dichotomy is qualitatively consistent with the presence of strong radial flow effects and the existence of two stages of quark production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Finally, the first measurements of the collision centrality evolution of BF integrals are presented, with the observation that charge balancing fractions are nearly independent of collision centrality in Pb–Pb collisions. Overall, the results presented provide new and challenging constraints for theoretical models of hadron production and transport in relativistic heavy-ion collisions