Mercúrio e metilmercúrio em cores de sedimento do estuário do Tejo

Mestrado em Ciências do Mar e das Zonas CosteirasO mercúrio é actualmente considerado um dos metais mais nocivos para o ambiente. O presente trabalho incide sobre os factores que actuam sobre o mercúrio, influenciando a sua distribuição em ambientes estuarinos. Dado o histórico de contaminação no Estuário do Tejo, foram recolhidos cores de sedimentos e separadas as águas intersticiais em dois locais distintos: um fortemente contaminado, Cala do Norte, e outro não contaminado, Ponta da Erva. Os cores foram seccionados em camadas, tendo-se posteriormente analisado os teores de mercúrio total (HgT) e metilmercúrio (MeHg) na fracção sólida dos sedimentos e HgT e HgR, bem como MeHg dissolvidos nas águas intersticiais. As concentrações de HgT e MeHg foram relacionadas com outros parâmetros obtidos na fracção sólida e nas águas intersticiais, nomeadamente pH, Eh, O2 dissolvido, humidade, e as concentrações de LOI, Al, Si, Fe, Mn, Corg, DOC, Cl-, SO4 2- e HS-. Na Cala do Norte, a concentração de mercúrio total nos sedimentos variou entre 1 e 18 μg/g enquanto na Ponta da Erva foram determinados valores mais baixos, entre 0.4 e 0.5 μg/g. Em relação às concentrações de metilmercúrio, os valores variaram entre os não detectáveis (< 0.1 ng/g) e 87 ng/g na Cala do Norte e 0.54 ng/g na Ponta da Erva. Nos dois locais, apesar da diferença de concentrações, o HgT e MeHg mostraram-se encontrar-se em equilíbrio entre a fracção sólida e águas intersticiais. Os fluxos difusivos foram calculados na interface sedimento/água de modo a estimar a mobilidade das espécies de Hg e avaliar se existem trocas entre o sedimento e a coluna de água, considerando a toxicidade do MeHg. O fluxo estimado na Cala do Norte foi de 0.30 ng/m2d para o MeHg e 0.50 ng/m2d para HgR. Na Ponta da Erva, o fluxo de MeHg foi inferior ao calculado para a Cala do Norte, 0.19 ng/m2d, enquanto para o HgR foi maior, 1.13 ng/m2d. Estes fluxos evidenciam o transporte difusivo de Hg das águas intersticiais para a coluna de água em ambos os locais, reflectindo a importância das características do sedimento que potenciam os processos de metilação do Hg.Mercury is currently considered one of the most harmful metals to the environment. This study focuses on factors that influence mercury distribution and its bioavailability in estuarine environments. Given the history of contamination in the Tagus estuary, sediment cores were collected and pore waters were separated from two sites: one heavily contaminated, Cala do Norte, and a non-contaminated, Ponta da Erva. In the laboratory, the levels of total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in solid sediments and dissolved Hg (HgR and HgT) and MeHg in the pore waters were analyzed. Obtained Hg data were then compared to other parameters, namely the pH, Eh, dissolved O2, water content, as well the concentrations of LOI, Al, Si, Fe, Mn, Corg, DOC, Cl-, SO4 2- and HS-. In Cala do Norte, total mercury concentrations in sediments ranged between 1 and 18 μg/g while in Ponta da Erva, lower values were determined, ranging between 0.4 and 0.5 μg/g. Concentrations of methylmercury ranged between detection limit (< 0.1 ng/g) up to 87 ng/g in Cala do Norte and up to 0.54 ng/g in Ponta da Erva. In both places, despite the differences in concentrations, HgT and MeHg were in equilibrium between the pore waters and the solid fractions. The diffusive fluxes were calculated across the sediment/water interface in order to estimate the mobility of Hg species and assess whether there are exchanges between the sediment and water column, considering the MeHg toxicity. The estimated flux in Cala do Norte was 0.30 ng/m2d for MeHg and 0.50 ng/m2d for HgR. Conversely, in Ponta da Erva MeHg flux was lower than in Cala do Norte, 0.19 ng/m2d, while for HgR was higher, 1.13 ng/m2d. These fluxes evidence the diffusive transport of Hg from the pore waters to the overlying water in both sites reflecting the importance of sediment characteristics that enhance the Hg methylation processes

MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL : A data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in P ortugal

Mammals are threatened worldwide, with 26% of all species being includedin the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associatedwith habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mam-mals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion formarine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems func-tionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is cru-cial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS INPORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublishedgeoreferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mam-mals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira thatincludes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occur-ring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live obser-vations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%),bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent lessthan 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrowsjsoil moundsjtunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animaljhairjskullsjjaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8),observation in shelters, (9) photo trappingjvideo, (10) predators dietjpelletsjpine cones/nuts, (11) scatjtrackjditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalizationjecholocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and100 m (76%). Rodentia (n=31,573) has the highest number of records followedby Chiroptera (n=18,857), Carnivora (n=18,594), Lagomorpha (n=17,496),Cetartiodactyla (n=11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n=7008). The data setincludes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened(e.g.,Oryctolagus cuniculus[n=12,159],Monachus monachus[n=1,512],andLynx pardinus[n=197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate thepublication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contrib-ute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting onthe development of more accurate and tailored conservation managementstrategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite thisdata paper when the data are used in publications.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mammals in Portugal: a data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in Portugal

Mammals are threatened worldwide, with ~26% of all species being included in the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associated with habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mammals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion for marine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems functionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is crucial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublished georeferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mammals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira that includes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occurring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live observations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%), bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent less than 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrows | soil mounds | tunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animal | hair | skulls | jaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8), observation in shelters, (9) photo trapping | video, (10) predators diet | pellets | pine cones/nuts, (11) scat | track | ditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalization | echolocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and 100 m (76%). Rodentia (n =31,573) has the highest number of records followed by Chiroptera (n = 18,857), Carnivora (n = 18,594), Lagomorpha (n = 17,496), Cetartiodactyla (n = 11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n = 7008). The data set includes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened (e.g., Oryctolagus cuniculus [n = 12,159], Monachus monachus [n = 1,512], and Lynx pardinus [n = 197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate the publication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contribute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting on the development of more accurate and tailored conservation management strategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved