سرقت علمی در تاریخ پزشکی: کاشف گردش خون ریوی، ابن نفیس یا ویلیام هاروی

Introduction: The theory of pulmonary circulation took more than 1000 years to come into existence as we know it today. Methods: In this descriptive study, an attempt was made to gain access to reliable sources for investigating various opinions regarding the earliest discovery of pulmonary blood circulation. Results: After the rediscovery of Ibn Nafis' manuscript no.62243 titled “Sharah al Tashreeh al Qanoon”, or "Commentary on the anatomy of Canon of Avicenna" in 1924 AD in Europe, it became clear that Ibn Nafis had described the pulmonary circulation almost 300 years before Harvey, and the historians like Aldo Mieli, Max Mayrhoff, Edward Coppola etc. clearly state that Ibn Nafis should be given the credit for the discovery of the pulmonary circulation. Conclusion: According to the results over the false theories during the medical history which there has been some exploration of their Muslim medicine attributed mistakenly to the scientists European that this considered theft and away from medical ethics.تئوری گردش خون ریوی آن‌گونه که ما امروزه آن را می‌شناسیم نزدیک به هزار سال پیش کشف شده است این کشف با گذشت زمان به افراد مختلفی نسبت داده شده است. در این پژوهش سعی شده است تا از طریق دسترسی به منابع معتبر در قالب یک مقاله توصیفی دیدگاه‌های مختلف در زمینه کشف اولیه گردش خون کوچک بررسی گردد. با کشف نسخه‌های دست‌نویس ابن نفیس با عنوان شرح‌حالی بر تشریح قانون و یا تفسیر بر ساختار قانون ابن سینا در سال 1924 میلادی در اروپا مشخص گردید که ابن نفیس گردش خون ریوی را 300 سال قبل از ویلیام هاروی به تفصیل ارائه داده است به گونه‌ای که بسیاری از مورخان از جمله آلدو میلی، ماکس ماروف، ادوارد کوپولا و دیگران به طور واضح بیان داشته‌اند که این کشف باید به ابن نفیس نسبت داده شود. با توجه به نتایج مطالعه مذکور مشخص می‌گردد که تئوری‌های نادرستی به مرور در طی تاریخ پزشکی به وجود آمده است که در طی آن‌ها برخی از اکتشافات پزشکان مسلمان به اشتباه به دانشمندان اروپایی نسبت داده شده است که این امر سرقت علمی محسوب شده و به دور از اخلاق پزشکی است

Design Methodology and Optimum Camera Setups for an Experimental Remote-Control Manipulator for Servicing Date Palms

In this article we describe a design process of a manipulator that is designed for complete servicing of a date palm. The feasibility of using this manipulator and determining the optimum position of its cameras as well as the number of cameras to be mounted on the equipment were also investigated. The manipulator was equipped with several cameras for monitoring the operations utilizing a ground-based operator. The operator monitors the manipulator and the end-effector on the display and navigates it using a joystick. In order to build the manipulator, a systematic deign method was utilized. Total length of the manipulator was 100 cm. Four electric motors provide the dynamic force of the manipulator to transport the end effectors to the desired positions for conducting horticultural operations. To investigate the performance of the manipulator, 9 different camera setups and 4 different manipulator distances from the target, were analyzed at 5 replication levels, through a statistical factorial experiment design (4х9). The experiments results showed that the remotely controlled manipulator is efficient in conducting horticultural operations. On the other hand, different camera setups showed significantly different results. The tests also indicated that to obtain the shortest reaching time, three cameras must be installed on the manipulator. The average time for reaching the target from a 100-cm distance was calculated 20.8 seconds

Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Iran: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and aims: The World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) recommended executive breastfeeding for 6 months after birth. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of executive breastfeeding in Iran by a meta-analysis study to be used by policy-makers in order to health programmer plan in this field. Methods: In this meta-analysis study, the databases of ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar and domestic databases were searched between January 2007 and March 2015. Between the studies with regard to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 studies were selected. Data were analyzed using Stata 11 software. Results: Sever heterogeneity was observed among reported prevalence based on the results of Chi-square based on Q test and I2 statistics (Q=6132.55, P2=99.8 ) and consequently, random effect model was used for themeta-analysis. The overall estimated prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Iran was 49.1 (95 CI: 33.4-64.9). Conclusions: In the present study, it was summarized the results of previous studies and showed that the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Iran has been increased and currently is in a satisfactory level. The ongoing national programs for preservation and promoting of exclusive breastfeeding should continue

Some predictive factors of women's sexual function in Tehran city

Background and Aims: Sexual dysfunction in women is very common and is one of the important indicators in the marital satisfaction and family strengthening. This study aimed to determine some predictive factors of women's sexual function. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 married women referred to health centers in Tehran city were selected through convenience sampling. The research tools included a valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic information and women's sexual function index. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software and independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Spearman and Pearson correlations and linear regression. Ethical standards such as confidentiality of information were observed in all stages of research. Results: The mean score of sexual function was 21.14±4.35 (from 36). In this study 22% (n=44) of respondents reported sexual desire disorder, 32.5% (n=65) arousal disorder, 27.5% (n=57) sexual dysfunction, 22% (n=44) orgasmic disorder, 29% (n=58) sexual dissatisfaction and 20.5% (n=41) sexual pain disorder. There was a significant and inverse correlation between spouse's age, duration of marriage, date of last delivery and sexual function. In the multiple regression model, marital status (B=0.148, P=0.033), spouse interest (B=0.0286, P=0.001) and spouse age (B=0.207, P= 0.001) were significant predictors of sexual function. Conclusion: According to the results, women who describe a happier life and are interested in their spouse as well as are younger than their spouse reported a more desirable sexual performance. The results can be used to implement psychological and cultural programs in the community to reduce couples' problems. Keywords: Sexual function, Female, Sexual satisfactio

Promjena indikatora kvalitete električne energije trošila predstavljanjem adaptivne metode za upravljanje DVR-om zasnovane na Hebbovom algoritmu učenja

Having electricity with high quality is one of the more important aims in electrical systems. Disturbances in distribution systems can change voltage waveform. There are some methods to prepare high power quality for sensitive loads. In this research we use “Dynamic Voltage Restorer” to compensate the harmful effects of disturbances on voltage. Since power systems fundamentally have complicated dynamic behavior, especially during faults, “Hebb” learning self-tuning controller, which is a powerful adaptive controller, has been used. In order to improve the performance of this controller from point of view of power quality’s indices, such as flash and sensitive load voltage THD, a new structure is proposed for this controller with fuzzification method. Simulation results indicate better operation of the system for the case of proposed controller. Voltage sag and harmonics in faulty conditions are both improved by the proposed controller. According to simulation results, it works better than both classical PI controller and conventional Hebb learning controller.Jedan od važnijih ciljeva elektroenergetskog sustava visoka je kvaliteta električne energije. Poremećaji u distribucijskom sustavu mogu neželjeno izmijeniti valni oblik napona. Postoji nekoliko metoda kako osigurati visoku kvalitetu energije za osjetljiva trošila. U istraživanju koristimo "dinamičku obnovu napona" za kompenziranje štetnih efekata poremećaja u naponu. Kako energetski sustavi u osnovi imaju složeno dinamičko ponašanje, posebno tijekom kvarova, korišten je vrlo moćan adaptivni regulator: "Hebbov" samopodešavajući regulator sa sposobnošću učenja. Da bi se unaprijedilo vladanje spomenutog regulatora s aspekta indikatora kvalitete energije kao što su parcijalna izbijanja i THD osjetljivog trošila, predložena je nova struktura regulatora s uključenim metodama neizrazite logike. Simulacijski rezultati pokazuju bolji rad sustava uz korištenje predloženog regulatora. Regulator smanjuje propade napona i poboljšava harmonični sastav sustava u kvarnim uvjetima. Rezultati simulacija također pokazuju bolje ponašanje u odnosu na uobičajeni PI regulator te konvencionalni Hebbov regulator s učenjem

Health Student Attitude towards Their Field of Study and Future Career in Health Faculty of Arak University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Background & Objective: Positive attitude towards the field of study and future career in students can be an important factor in success and harmony with the surrounding environment changes. The aim of this study was to determine the health student attitude towards their field of study and future career. Methods: In this cross-sectional and analytical study that was carried out on 220 students from the School of Health. Data were collected with a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, attitude towards their field of study, motivation, academic and family-person of problems and attitude towards their future career. Results: The mean scores of attitude toward students in their future career was 20.07 ± 4.74, which 75.4% of the students had a positive attitude towards their future career. The mean score of attitude toward student in field of study was 17.92 ± 4.66 which 87.4% of the students had positive attitude toward their field of study. In this study, a significant association was observed between attitudes toward future career and attitude toward students’ field of study (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the students had a positive attitude towards their field of study and future career. Strengthening of training programs, providing advice and support for students in career can justify a useful role attitudes are reinforced. Keywords Academic course Attitude Future career Student School of public healt

New Design and Implementation of a Solar Car of the American University of Ras Al Khaimah: Electrical Vision

This paper explains a full design and implementation process of a feasible solar car as an effective alternative to the gasoline powered car. A solar car is independent of fossil fuels, and would entirely eliminate emissions. Comparing to the previous manufactured solar cars which were characterized by expensive, one seat driver and unfeasible, the presented solution in this study develops a commercially feasible version of a solar car. The structure’s mass and passengers’ mass are considered to calculate the required electrical power for the car to be able to reach the target speed at 100 km/h. A three photovoltaic panels of 320 W are parallel connected as a photovoltaic array to charge a lithium ion battery bank of 48 V and 200 Ah during the day hours. The testing of the implemented car guarantees the successful and flexible design and promises an effective commercial prototype of solar car. The presented work is done in the American University of Ras Al Khaimah

Capacity building of Farokhshahr city for recognition and elimination of society problems by mobilization of people in Farrokhshahr development team

زمینه و هدف: تحقیق مشارکتی جامعه محور نوعی از پژوهش علمی است که به تازگی در علوم بهداشتی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. این نوع تحقیق بر نیازهای جامعه استوار است و باید راه حلی برای مشکلات سلامت در جامعه ارائه کند. در این پروژه تأسیس پایگاه تحقیقات توسعه و ارتقاء سلامت شهر فرخشهر به عنوان یک راهکار جهت توانمندسازی و مشارکت مردم در شناسایی و حل مشکلات و اولویت بندی مشکلات و نیازهای مردم منطقه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. روش بررسی: این مطالعه یک تحقیق مشارکتی بر مبنای رویکرد برنامه ریزی شده به سلامت جامعه (Planned Approach To Community Health=PATCH) است که در منطقه پایگاه تحقیقات توسعه و ارتقاء سلامت فرخشهر در استان چهار محال و بختیاری با جمعیتی حدود 40000 نفر انجام شد. کل فرآیند شامل پنج مرحله به قرار ذیل بود: 1- بسیج مردمی 2- نیاز سنجی 3 - تعیین اولویت های پژوهشی4 - طراحی برنامه های مداخله ای 5 -ارزشیابی کل فرآیند. کل تحقیق با مشارکت فعال اعضاء تیم توسعه فرخشهر، صاحب نظران، معتمدین محلی، مسئولین شهر و کلیه ذینفعان و با نظارت محققین دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد انجام گردید. مرحله بسیج مردمی با دعوت از صاحب نظران و علاقه مندان توسط تیم توسعه فرخشهر، تشکیل 10 کمیته کاری فعال با مشارکت 4000 نفر و تدوین شرح وظایف و شناسایی گروههای ذینفع و اطلاع رسانی به مردم از کانال های مختلف و برگزاری همایش شهر سالم انجام گردید. مرحله نیاز سنجی پس از برگزاری کارگاه پژوهش مشارکتی و پژوهش کیفی توسط معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه در جهت توانمندسازی اعضای تیم توسعه شروع شد. تیم توسعه با کمک نمایندگان سازمان های مشارکت کننده و نمایندگان دانشگاه پروفایل جامعه را تهیه و اطلاعات دموگرافیک جامعه بدست آمد و سپس نیازسنجی به روش ارزیابی سریع انجام گردید. نهایتاً اولویت بندی نیازها با کمک ماتریس دو بعدی،دیاگرام ون، دیاگرام اولویت ها و جدول تجزیه و تحلیل مشکلات انجام گردید. یافته ها: نتایج این مطالعه به شرح زیر می باشد: 1- تشکیل 10 کمیته کاری فعال در جامعه مورد مطالعه با حدود 4000 عضو فعال، 2- تشکیل کارگاههـای پژوهش مشارکتی و پژوهش کیفی، 3- نیاز سنجی و تعیین 40 مشکل در جامعه مورد مطالعه، 4- اولویت بندی مشکلات شناسایی شده با استفاده از ماتریس دو بعدی و تعیین20 مشکل حائز اولویت. : نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که در هر جامعه نیازهای مردم با توجه به شرایط فرهنگی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی آن جامعه متفاوت می باشد و لذا توصیه می گردد جهت ارتقاء سلامت، تعیین نیازهای مردم و اولویت بندی آنها با مشارکت خود مردم انجام گردد

Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Child growth failure (CGF), manifested as stunting, wasting, and underweight, is associated with high 5 mortality and increased risks of cognitive, physical, and metabolic impairments. Children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face the highest levels of CGF globally. Here we illustrate national and subnational variation of under-5 CGF indicators across LMICs, providing 2000–2017 annual estimates mapped at a high spatial resolution and aggregated to policy-relevant administrative units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the World Health 10 Organization’s ambitious Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and rates of progress exist across regions, countries, and within countries; our maps identify areas where high prevalence persists even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where subnational disparities exist and the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning locally 15 tailored interventions and efficient directing of resources to accelerate progress in reducing CGF and its health implications

Adolescent transport and unintentional injuries: a systematic analysis using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents. We sought to report comprehensive trends in injury-related mortality and morbidity for adolescents aged 10–24 years during the past three decades. Methods: Using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2019 Study, we analysed mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to transport and unintentional injuries for adolescents in 204 countries. Burden is reported in absolute numbers and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population by sex, age group (10–14, 15–19, and 20–24 years), and sociodemographic index (SDI) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We report percentage changes in deaths and DALYs between 1990 and 2019. Findings: In 2019, 369 061 deaths (of which 214 337 [58%] were transport related) and 31·1 million DALYs (of which 16·2 million [52%] were transport related) among adolescents aged 10–24 years were caused by transport and unintentional injuries combined. If compared with other causes, transport and unintentional injuries combined accounted for 25% of deaths and 14% of DALYs in 2019, and showed little improvement from 1990 when such injuries accounted for 26% of adolescent deaths and 17% of adolescent DALYs. Throughout adolescence, transport and unintentional injury fatality rates increased by age group. The unintentional injury burden was higher among males than females for all injury types, except for injuries related to fire, heat, and hot substances, or to adverse effects of medical treatment. From 1990 to 2019, global mortality rates declined by 34·4% (from 17·5 to 11·5 per 100 000) for transport injuries, and by 47·7% (from 15·9 to 8·3 per 100 000) for unintentional injuries. However, in low-SDI nations the absolute number of deaths increased (by 80·5% to 42 774 for transport injuries and by 39·4% to 31 961 for unintentional injuries). In the high-SDI quintile in 2010–19, the rate per 100 000 of transport injury DALYs was reduced by 16·7%, from 838 in 2010 to 699 in 2019. This was a substantially slower pace of reduction compared with the 48·5% reduction between 1990 and 2010, from 1626 per 100 000 in 1990 to 838 per 100 000 in 2010. Between 2010 and 2019, the rate of unintentional injury DALYs per 100 000 also remained largely unchanged in high-SDI countries (555 in 2010 vs 554 in 2019; 0·2% reduction). The number and rate of adolescent deaths and DALYs owing to environmental heat and cold exposure increased for the high-SDI quintile during 2010–19. Interpretation: As other causes of mortality are addressed, inadequate progress in reducing transport and unintentional injury mortality as a proportion of adolescent deaths becomes apparent. The relative shift in the burden of injury from high-SDI countries to low and low–middle-SDI countries necessitates focused action, including global donor, government, and industry investment in injury prevention. The persisting burden of DALYs related to transport and unintentional injuries indicates a need to prioritise innovative measures for the primary prevention of adolescent injury. Funding: Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation